Science of Epidemiology

Science of EpidemiologyEdward TrueloveEPIDEMIOLOGYIntroductionThis assignment pass oning identify and explain what epidemiology is and describe how epidemiologists collect and analyse specific information. It will then identify a number of aspects of the science and then matter a disorder and bet how epidemiologists entropy was employ to influence wellness promotion.What is Epidemiology?Epidemiology is the science concerned with the study of the constituents determining and influencing the frequency and distribution of sickness, injury, and some opposite wellness-related events and their causes in a defined human population. Also, the sum of drive home intercourseledge gained in much(prenominal) a study.There atomic number 18 devil main types of Epidemiology. The premier one is descriptive which describes the occurrence of the disease according to slew, tush and date and the second is analytic which determines the causation, stake factors for health, disease a nd association.Descriptive epidemiology describes and investigates the scale of the problem. This is the amount of money of slew that acquit developed or caught the disease over a specified period. e.g. in 2004 there were 44,659 cases of newly diagnosed breast messcer in the UK. From this epidemiologists would panorama at the prevalence, the number of passel that have the disease or condition at whatever occurrence clock time. e.g. the number of large number who argon regular smokers within a specified time period. The next factor is to look at how the condition is spread. This is done by analysing categories such(prenominal) as age, gender, socioeconomic class and ethnicity e.g. women from lower social classes ar much more credibly to smoke than women in higher social classes.Examples of questions asked to collect this data atomic number 18 as followsWhat be the health problems?How some(prenominal) people argon bear on?Who is affected?Which communities are affect ed and why?What are the trends?Answers to these questions mass indicate if primary prevention is possible and it domiciliate bear witness the seriousness of the problem and how individuals and communities may be affected.Analytical epidemiology aims to answer the question, why did it reach? This is done by identifying and determining the causes and risk factors for health and disease.Comparisons have to be make between groups with or with divulge the disease and between groups exposed and non exposed to a possible causal factor.Causation support show if there is a link from a certain disease to environmental influences, lifestyle or socioeconomic factors. To find the cause, epidemiologists drop use inferential statistics to draw inferences more or less apopulationfrom arandom type. From analysing the results and prizeing the risks, a link between events and contributory factors understructure be draw and this can vary from negligible to high.Assessing the postulate and analysing the dataThe root step in planning health promotion is to assess the needs and this consists of two elements. Firstly are the health service needs, which are determined from health data such as occurrence, frequency, mortality and morbidity. secondly is the community determined needs covering issues that individuals and communities have brought to the attention of the topical anesthetic authority, politicians and letters etc. Sometimes these two elements overlap but it is grave to identify which are priorities for communities.Health data is analysed according to who has been affected and this shows which communities are affected the most so that resources can be allocated. From this information about prevention begin.PreventionPrimary prevention consists of trying to keep people healthy and free from disease such as immunization and develop alongment of healthy lifestyles. Secondary prevention tries to identify the disease and persuade people to go for treatment at t he earliest opportunity. Examples could be a coughing that could lead to tuberculosis or a fever that could lead to influenza. In some conditions once the disease has developed it can often be too late, so one of the place roles of health promotion is to encourage screening i.e. breast cancer. Tertiary prevention involves actions if the disease has become precise serious. This is to promote reco precise and focus on rehabilitation to help urge on the recovery. An example of primary prevention would be lung cancer as it is know what causes it, but it is not suitable for breast cancer as the causes are not yet known. Prevention can only take place if the causes can be established.CausesEpidemiologists need to establish causes and to look at many factors such as the environment, society and individuals. They also need to find out what causes the cause as there can be a full chain of causal factors triggering a chain of events.These study designs are use for finding out possible ca uses, although they do not prove causal relationships as they just look at associations.There are two types of analytical study designs. The basic is group one which are employ for finding out possible causes. Ecological studies compare studies of a particular disease in different communities to try to ascertain the cause.Cross-sectional studies render a section of society at one particular time to see if there are common characteristics between people. Case domination studies compare a sample of people with a disease to a sample without and a conclusion can be drawn to see if characteristics are more likely to be found in people with the disease.Group two analytical studies are stronger design studies which are use to provide evidence for causal relationships. Cohort studies, also known as prospective or longitudinal studies are when a large sample of the population is followed over a long period of time to superintend their lifestyle and exposure to the risks. From this, the incidence of the disease can be followed to look for causal risks. Examples of this are following a sample of the population for cardinal years to see if there is a link between have and lung cancer. Intervention study involves exposing a random selection of people to a health promotion trial to find out if the if intervention has health benefits and then to compare the results to a group of people who have not. Results can be analysed to establish if there are key variable such as income, age, distribution, etc. Relative or attributable risk provides a measure of the strength of a causal relationship. Decisions can be made from this as to how many lives could be saved if the causal factor was removed. Epidemiologists have also to work out which are confounding factors, ones that can progress to be associated with a disease but are not a causal.From all the information and studies infrataken there has to be a systematic check up on to identify which studies have strong conclusi ons. From the evidence, reasons can be worked out for exhibit the causes of health problems and disease and an action plan for health promotion can be set out.Epidemiology is an essential key discipline in health promotion and unless the specific factors that cause a health problem are identified, action cannot be taken to prevent it and promote health.Swine flu and EpidemiologyWhat are the health problems?In the case of swine flu, dry cough, sore throat, headache and travail are the most common associated symptoms. Typically patients will have a fever over 38C. Most people recover in a week without any specific treatment.How many are affectedIn swine flu the number of cases in the UK rose quickly after the first established cases in Scotland. By May 312009, there were 252 confirmed cases in the UK.Seventy of these had been to Mexico or the US seven days prior to infection, and 178 describe that they had not been afield.Who is affected?In the case of swine flu, in the first month s of its outbreak in the UK, it mostly affected young people, and was most commonly spread through and through contact at schools. These findingsare based on an analysis ofthe first 252 cases of the disease diagnosed in the UK after news show of the virus brokeWhat are the trends?Of the 168 who promise the infection it was established the likely place of viral transmission 60% had been acquired in school 25% from a household environment8% in the community 1% (two cases) acquired in the workplace Less than 1% (one case) in a healthcare environment 5% acquired elsewhere. (nhs.uk)Which communities are affected and why?People of all genders and ages, including infants and the elderly were developing the disease equally. receivable to a larger proportion of younger people travelling abroad and being in contact with younger people, the average age of the first 252 infected people was 20 years. Of the 178 first cases in the UK, 22% describe contact with someone who had developed the in fection overseas (secondary infection) and 70% reported contact with a secondary case. 7% were not aware that they had contacted anyone (nhs.uk) find out on health promotionThe disease was first identified in Mexico in April 2009 and quickly spread round the globe. Initially the HNS had to make the mankind aware of the health problems through the media and do everything to contain the disease such as closing schools. After a while it was classed as a pandemic and moved from a containment status to treatment status. Generally the disease was fairly mild and was usually more serious in patients with other health problems. Part of the health promotion campaign was to offer antiviral medicines, Tamiflu or Relenza.Another step was to identify who and which communities are affected, and those people that are in high risk groups, as they are more likely to develop to complications. Vulnerable people are those who have lung disease, nub disease, kidney disease, colored disease, neurologi cal disease and diabetes. Also at risk are people who have had drug treatment, pregnant women, people over 65 and children under five.A health promotion campaign through the Television and media was used to make these particular groups aware of the potential risks. Swine flu vaccination began in October 2009The NHS issued information to the public to stop the disease spreading such as good respiratory and hand hygiene i.e. sneezing into a wind and putting it a bin and to wash your hands and work surfaces at home regularly. Other public health information includes a field Pandemic Flu website and telephone number for the public to call for any information. The public were asked to call their GP if they had flu like symptoms and particularly if they had a serious condition that weakens your immune system, if they are pregnant, have a toss child under one or if the condition suddenly gets worse. The supporter assesses the symptoms and if required will provide authorisation to colle ct antiviral medicine.Carers also have been identified as at risk as they come into contact with the most vulnerable in the community and steps have been taken in the second phase of vaccination to protected them from the risk of infectionConclusionThe science of epidemiology involves elements of biology, social sciences and ecology and it is indeed it is a bio-social-environmental science focusing on disease in populations.Epidemiology is a key discipline in Health Promotion as is analyses specific factors of a disease. From this data action can be taken to prevent the disease spreading and promote health i.e. smoking and lung cancer, asbestos and cancer, alcohol and liver disease. However, mistakes can be made as some diseases such as heart disease have many influential factors including diet, exercise, smoking, blood pressure and hereditary history. Epidemiology is a population science and investigations of health problems in populations have been very important for public heal th. Its techniques in examining the disease patterns between populations have been wide applied and there is no consensus of the best means to measure health. As epidemiology is a study of populations it does not tailor health promotion needs for the individual and quite often complicated data and government health warnings such eat five portions of fruit and vegetables a day can be largely ignored by a sceptical public, and therefore destructive activities still persist.This report has identified what epidemiology is and explained how epidemiologists assess the spread of ailment and analyse data collected. It has also listed aspects of epidemiology and stated how they have an influence on health promotion.ReferencesCancer Research (2009) Online, Available at http//info.cancerresearchuk.org/cancerstats/types/lung/incidence/index.htm 1 ( (Accessed 22 Nov 2009)Hubley, H. and Copeman, J. (2008) Practical Health Promotion, Polity Press Cambridge.Naidoo, J. and Wills, J. (2009) Foundati ons for Health Promotion, tertiary Edn, Bailliere Tindall London.Naidoo, J. and Wills, J. (2008) Public Health and Health Promotion, 2nd Edn, Bailliere Tindall London.NHS (2009), Online, Available at http//www.nhs.uk/news/2009/07July/Pages/Swinefluearlyepidemiology.aspx 1 (Accessed 2 Dec 2009)NHS (2009), Online, Available at http//www.nhs.uk/conditions/pandemic-flu/Pages/Introduction.aspx?WT.srch=1 (Accessed 2 Dec 2009)

Promote Children and Young Peoples Positive Behaviour

Promote Children and Young Peoples Positive Behaviour assimilator name Yasmin Albadri Summarise the policies and procedures of the setting relevant to promoting tikeren and juvenileer pots tyrannical deportmentEvaluate how the policies and procedures of the setting support small fryren and young people to a. Feel safe, b. collar a autocratic contribution, c. Develop genial and ablaze skills, d. Understand expectations and limits beg off the benefits of any round consistently and fairly applying boundaries and rules for children and younger peoples behavior in accordance with policies and procedures of the setting.Explain the benefit of actively promoting positive aspects of demeanor.Demonstrate ship canal of establishing ground rules with children and young people which underpin appropriate behaviour and look on for others.Demonstrate strategies for promoting positive behaviour according to the policies and procedures of the setting.Demonstrate realistic, consistent and corroborative responses to children and young peoples behaviour.Provide an effective role model for the standards of behaviour judge of children, young people and adults within the setting.Demonstrate strategies for minimising disruption through unlike behaviour of children and young people.Demonstrate strategies for managing inappropriate behaviour according to the policies and procedures of the setting. wear rules and boundaries consistently and fairly, according to the age, needs and abilities of children and young people.Provide support for colleagues to postulate with inappropriate behaviour of children and young people.Explain the sorts of behaviours or discipline problems that should be referred to others and to whom these should be referred. descry patterns and triggers which may lead to inappropriate behavioural responses and aspire actions to pre-empts, divert or diffuse potential flash points.Use hold strategies for hatching with challenging behaviour according to the policies and procedures of the settingAccess and wish risks to own and others safety when dealing with challenging behaviour.Support children, young people and colleagues to identify the situations and luck which trigger inappropriate behavioural responses and ways of avoiding these from receiveing.Recognise and take immediate action to deal with any bullying, harassment or oppressive behaviour according to the policies and procedures of the setting.Demonstrate ways of supporting children and young people to review their behaviour and the impact of this on others, themselves and their environment.Demonstrate ways of supporting children and young people with behavioural difficulties to identify and agree behaviour targetUse own be intimateledge of promoting positive behaviour to contribute to reviews of behaviour policies, including bullying, attendance and the military capability of rewards and sanctions.Provide clear and considered feedback on the effectiveness of beh aviour management strategies to assure policy review and development.Task 1. Every wholeness who plant in the nurture setting needs to be aw be of the policies and procedures and guide the office to model a high standard of behaviour. Policies offer consistency, all staff must treat the comparable sorts of behaviour the alike(p) and children get out know what to expect. When a staff does non succeed, the policy may lead confusion for children.All staff has rules to deal with misbehaving behaviour by the children which never shout, respect children, harken, address the problem, establish the fact, use sanctions c arfully.At Drayton-green primary school, children are supervised when they are in a play time, when they are in the lunch hall and when they are lining up to the class, to the hall.All staff is agreed to the positive behaviour promotion strategies and sanctions. To press a positive behaviour, we all should encourage children to do their best with their learning and while they soak up a positive behaviour as that increase the motivation by recognising their success in which give suitable praise, writing a positive comment in the childs work, use suitable stickers, house points, celebration multitude that include nominate who has achieved a high standard of work or positive behaviour a star of the week then an concede certificate from the head instructor, this go out teach children that out of the question behaviour is not acceptable in the school environment, this includes bullying, disruption behaviour, disrespect staff, etc. that will lead to withdraw verbal warning, detention may be given, mention informed, discipline, etc.Task 2.Feel safe -Drayton-green primary school ensures that they are meeting the five aims and outcomes of every child matters much(prenominal) as whole step safe and micturate a positive contribution. The school guarantees that all children savor safe and secure in the school setting from bullying and di ssimilarity because the rules of the school rule are to have a safe and halcyon learning environment.When the child worries from some function happened, or will happen later, the school encourages children to tattle if they have any concern and will ensure the child is secured and defend from any harm may cause to him also the school encourages parents to chide if they have any issue or worries may be experiencing. moderate a positive contribution-Drayton-green primary school ensures that childrens views are reflected in the political platform teaching and planning.Its important that parents are encouraging their children to develop their positive behaviour and relationships as that increase their confidence with everyday challenges. The school awards children because of their hard work, uncorrupted behaviour, stand by others as that present a great example to encourage others to do the alike.Develop social and emotional skills- its important to ensure childrens social and emotional skills are developed to develop a healthy, social and emotional life. Its important to ensure children learn social skills in which they need to know to take turns, learn to cooperate and able to respond positively in certain circumstances as that able them to gain confidence in social situations.Understand expectations and limits- all children and young people in the school setting have the knowledge of the expectations and limits of how the school works. All children must follow the schools guidelines that are set much(prenominal) as golden rules and class rules by the school. Children know that within the school they must develop the sense of responsibility for which to apologise when needed, accept other actions and behaviour, the opportunity to help others and avoid all over reactive and take one responsibility.Task 3. Consistency is imperative to achieving smashing behaviour in schools. The entire staff must employ the same standards. Pupils have consistency from adults, so they know what they are expecting from them and know where they stand.If one adult attests pupil one thing and another adult tell them something different then that will confuse children about whats right and wrong, the same as the rules and boundaries, all staff must say the same thing and the wording must fall into the policies of Drayton-green primary school.At our school, we say, for example, your behaviour is not acceptable instead of saying you are naughty as this wording is not allowed.Task 4. At work setting, when I am working with a year 2 group, it becomes obvious that we have certain circumstances with inappropriate behaviour on a regular basis such as children talking to each other, taking others pencils, talking while the teacher describing a learning activity, not listening to the teacher, etc. and that would be trusty if we keep a record of their bad behaviour situation and if that happen again, then if possible we try to avoid it, but when the child is having unacceptable behaviour again then we need to remove the child from his throw in and make him sit somewhere where he can only listen to the teacher and in many time we need to speak to the child to show how their behaviours are, for example disturbing others, hurt others feeling, etc.Its important to make it clear to the child so he/she will not have the same behaviour. When teachers recognising that children are behaving well and listen, then the teacher gives them praise for their good behaviour.Once children realise they are obtaining teachers attention, then they will repeat having the same behaviour. If children want the teachers attention, then will know how to achieve it. Doing this will promote positive behaviour as B.F. Skinner discovered that its important to concenter on the positives and certain behaviours can be changed and improved. The alternative such as nagging children to stop, being quiet, and sit down as that I am paying attention to children who are mis behaving.Task 13.This is when there are situations require more staff for instance, when there is a child is dangerous, a child is behaving unpredictably and could be dangerous or when I dont feel in control of the situation then I need to call for help because the other staff have specialist knowledge and know how to deal with them.When there is a child with behaviour issue, then the school will have many options in hand to deal with the child such as the school may give them a warning, inform the parents, inform the social worker, etc.

Dress For Success With A Wardrobe Engineer Fashion Essay

Dress For Success With A closet Engineer Fashion EssayAs a Wardrobe engineer, I will show you how to save, and which articles that may be the wrong color or style with the tricks of the trade I withdraw learned through well-tried and true situations. Most importantly, I want to teach my clients how not to give birth away good money on clothes that end up in the back of the closet. I promise that you will save to a greater extent money by consulting a wardrobe engineer..With Dress for Success, people who ar important will be drawn to you, and they will establish present(prenominal) credibility and respect. It is no small thing that the vertically challenged man has deliver the goods the title of Mens clothing store Manager. As a wardrobe engineer, I like to try new grooming products, and have my hair scale down every week, just to keep a neat and clean appearance. I conk out a very basic wave style and dont affect to spend too much time styling my hair.I studied the laws of colouration and clothing as camouflage at Hart Schafner Marx University. The company is the insane asylum entity of what is known today as the Hartmarx Corporation. It has a 119 year heritage as the leading American clothing manufacturer and marketer. I learned that what you wear can make you look happy or sad, younger or older, dynamic or dull. I have found out that fortunate people radiate happiness, health and energy. They never look, tired, sad or ordinary. They have taken the time to find out what makes them look better, so that they forever and a day fit out for success. During my 35 year menswear career, I was successful in start men on the road to transforming their image and attitude. I have consulted on the colors styles and accessories that make men look more powerful and dynamic. With dress for success, doors have been opened for me magically, and I was accorded immediate credibility and respect in the Mens clothing industry. Stop playing Russian roulette with your image. Dont wait another(prenominal) minuteto take control of your image and your life.

A Reflective Account Of A Fundamental Caring Skill Nursing Essay

A broody Account Of A Fundamental Caring Skill Nursing showFor my reflective account of my warmth science of help oneselfing some trunk to waste I am going to map A model of reflective form Gibbs, G. (1988). My practice was at a residential home with sixteen enduring residents and two respite rooms and so the health and amount of oversee needed by each item-by-item varied. Some argon fluent and independent, some need assistance from c atomic number 18rs for only a few activities untold(prenominal) as being pushed in a wheelchair, whereas a few are all told dependant on the carers to do daily activities such as cancel outing. Before I started my placement I read the NMC code of master key conduct and the NMC guide for students of nursing and midwifery. This was so that I was aware of my accountability, responsibility, confidentiality and the wishes of the patients. I also researched into nutrition and ply, to help me to understand my guests needs and ruleings, so th at my caring skill was more effective.Every cell requires an energy source for growth, exploitation and for cell activity. The body obtains its energy source from projecting and drinking and so they are essential to existence (Roper, Logan Tierney, 2000). Therefore nutrition plays an important affair in health and I need to understand what a wholesome nutriment contains and the effects a healthy and unhealthy diet chiffonier extradite.A healthy diet contains all the nutrients the body needs to function. A nutrient is a substance that must be consumed as trip of the diet to provide a source of energy, material for growth or substances for regulated growth or energy production. (Oxford Reference Dictionary for Nursing, 1990). I found that these are proteins, which supply the body with the essential amino acids for expression and repairing body tissues, carbohydrates to provide heat and energy and fats which can be furrowed down to fatty acids and glycerol and also provide heat and energy. The body also uses fatty deposits to protect and main(prenominal)tain delicate organs, such as the kidney. The body also requires small amounts of vitamins and minerals. Vitamins are needed for many an(prenominal) diverse things. Most of them have a catalytic function in metabolic reactions. They are needed for energy regulation, regulation of tissue synthesis and the familiar health of tissues. Minerals are the components of body tissues and fluids, and of many specialised substances such as hormones, transport molecules and enzymes. (Roper, Logan Tierney, 1991). Although fibre is non employ in any damp of the bodys structure and is excreted in the faeces, it is quiet down needed for a healthy diet because it provides bulk, which helps defaecation by stimulating muscular movement in the large intestine, and and thence pr eveningts constipation. Finally, water is extremely important for the body because it makes up approximately 2/3 of body weight, is the main component of all body fluids and many body processes depend on it. Therefore if the body is severely disadvantaged of water it will die. Holmes (1986, cited by Roper, Logan Tierney, 1991) found that viands and fluid using up is controlled by complex biochemical processes. There are centres in the mind-set which are sensitive to changes in the level of nutrients and trace elements in the phone line thereby controlling appetite and thirst.The amounts of these nutrients needed differ for each someone and vary throughout the different stages of life (Chern Rickentsen, 2003). These nutrients need to be ingested, digested and then absorbed. The digestive system includes the mouth, oropharynx, oesophagus, stomach and the intestines. The enzymes that facilitate digestion are produced in the salivary glands, pancreas, liver and gall bladder (Waugh Grant, 2004)There are many reasons wherefore somebody whitethorn need help with eat. It is essential that nurses have fellowshi p of promoters and how they influence activities of living. The model of nursing helps nurses to understand, assess, plan and implement relevant interventions and valuate the effects. (Roper, Logan Tierney, 2000)The client that I assisted with eating was an elderly man who was comp permitely dependant on the carers because he had had a cerebrovascular accident (stroke) and he was paralysed down his left side (hemiplegia). He also couldnt use his redress arm much due to rheumatoid arthritis. However some hatful with physical disabilities alike(p) an arm defect can still eat and drink independently with the use of mechanical aids and specialised equipment or even just having the food for thought removed from its wrapping. One client on my placement who had a stroke could use his right arm and used equipment such as a plate guard and a nonher client used a specialised spoon so she could feed herself. The use of these aids help to maintain the persons dignity and self-esteem. (Ch ild Higham, 2005)My client was still qualified to chew his food and produce the saliva and mucus to soften and check it into a bolus and he still had the reflex to swallow it. Most of the clients could eat without or with very little assistance if given the appropriate use aids. Other clients, who could not swallow properly due to a health problem such as cerebral palsy or a stroke, had had a Percutaneous Endoscopic Grastrostomy (PEG) for enteral feeding (a surgical cognitive process where an opening is made in the abdominal wall and a thermionic vacuum supply is passed through into the stomach directly). Other ways of enteral feeding are an Esophagostomy (placed at the level of the cervical spine to the side of the neck) or a Jejunostomy which is placed in the duodenum or a Naso-gastric tube which is a tube passed through the nose down the oesophagus and into the stomach.(Williams, 1994)My client had already been assessed and he did not need any nutritional supplements to go with his meals. The Body plurality Index shows healthy ranges for body weight, it is determined by their weight in relation to their height and National Screening Tools are used to order people at risk of malnourishment and nurses should be aware of honorable issues and the influences of religion and culture when doing a care plan to meet the individuals needs. (Walsh, 2002)The carers at my placement already knew my clients preferences and nutritional needs and that he could chew his food so the consistency of the food did not need to be changed.Having to be fed can threaten dignity so nurses should make each effort to minimise any negative aspects. (Isaacs McMahon, 1997)Before I started to assist my client I asked for his consent and made sure that I wash my wads thoroughly, to reduce the risk of infection and was wearing protective fit out and that the environment was suitable. The Department if Health (2001) states, the environment is conductive to enabling the individual patient/client to eat. At my placement, if possible, all of the clients ate in the eat room where there are no distractions, the tables were set properly and everywhere was clean and tidy.I gave my client a plectron of two meals and I made sure it was prepared to his liking and presented in an appropriate way. This is because if the food is not presented appropriately for the client and does not look tempting to eat then feeding will be inhibited, giving them a choice gives them back some of their independence when they could be tanging helpless and susceptible and their self-esteem could be decreased.(Child Higham, 2005)It is important to make sure that the client is sluttish and relaxed to make the interaction more effective (Williams, 1994). I think I achieved this quite well because I made sure that my client was posing up in his chair, which also lessens the risk of choking. I pulled up a chair succeeding(a) to my client so that I was closer to him and was at a similar eye level. This also shows the client that you are not in a rush and he is not being an devil to you. My body delivery was relaxed and I used positive facial expressions because if I had been tense and negative, my client would not have enjoyed his food and would have felt up uncomfortable and rushed and therefore the interaction would have been inhibited and he might not have cute to eat anything.I tried to ask my client if he had any preferences to the order that he emergencyed to eat his food but he did not really suffice verbally or none verbally. This made me belief quite uncomfortable and I just fed him the food in the order that I thought he might have liked it and he seemed talented with that. I used ordinary cutlery and cut the food up into what I thought were appropriate bite sized portions for my client and familiarised the size if I thought I had put in addition much on the fork.After my client had swallowed his first taste sensation I asked him if it was to o hot and he said no so I carried on feeding him. I waited until I thought he had completely swallowed each mouthful before I gave him an otherwise. Once my client had eaten his entire main course I asked if he wanted a drink and I held the cup up to his mouth. I did this so that he would not still have the taste of his main course while he was eating his sugariness. I cleared away the dirty equipment before I gave him his dessert and I once again cut it into bite-sized pieces and after his first mouthful asked if it was alright and if he liked it.Once my client has finished his dessert I cleared the dish away and asked if he wanted a drink. I encouraged him to try to hold the cup with his right hand and I supported the other side and tipped it up a bit further when needed. After he had finished everything I asked if he wanted anything else and if he was happy. I then gave him a wipe so that he could wipe his mouth but he could not do it so I asked if he wanted me to do it for him and he let me. Then I asked him where he wanted to go and took him there and asked if he needed the toilet or anything else but he said he didnt. I then went and recorded how much he had eaten in his notes.I feel the interaction went well because even though I felt a bit uncomfortable at first I in brief relaxed and I think that I used in effect(p) body language and facial expressions and it was good that I sat in the chair next to him and didnt just stand over him. My client was relaxed and happy to have me feeding him. The dining room was clean and tidy and there were no distractions. I did find it quite difficult to talk to my client because I did not want to ask him too many questions because he was eating and other than asking him if everything was alright I did not really talk much. It was good that I used a fork to feed my client because if I had used a spoon it may have made him feel like a child and lower his self-esteem.A negative factor of the interaction was that I pu t a paper bib on my client, which could have lowered his self-esteem and dignity. I also used a plastic beaker with a lid so that I did not blab out his drink down him and this could have also made him feel like a child. At some points I did put the next forkful up to his mouth before he had completely swallowed the last one and even though I apologised and put the fork down again and waited until he had completely finished, I did feel as though he may have thought I was rushing him a bit.Next cartridge holder I am assisting to feed someone, I will use a napkin instead of a bib and if possible a design cup. I will also try to talk to the client a bit more without asking too many questions so that they dont have to talk with their mouth full. I will also ask if they want to brush their teeth or clean their mouth so that they feel more comfortable and it will also help prevent alveolar consonant decay or any sores from developing around the gums. I speak to my mentor about how sh e thought the interaction went and whether she thought I could remedy on anything and she was happy with it.In conclusion, I feel my caring skill went well. This is because we were both relaxed and comfortable, no problems occurred and I would do most things the same again. blush though I felt as though I may have rushed him a bit at times by accident and some of the equipment I used may not have been appropriate, my client was happy and ate everything. He also said he would feel comfortable with me helping him again and I now feel confident and comfortable enough to assist feeding people.2198 words.

Optical Character Recognition (OCR)

Optical reference cut back mention (OCR)INTRODUCTION1.1. Optical theatrical role RecognitionOptical comp 1nt Recognition (OCR) is the robot akin or electronic interpretation, variation of figs of render write, type pen or printed text editionual matter edition ( ordinarily captured by a s tailner or t commensuratet) into appliance-editable text.OCR is a playing playing field of investigate in pattern appellation, artificial intelligence and machine vision. An OCR carcass enables you to take a book or a magazine article, be given it directly into an electronic reck aner file, and then edit the file development a parole carry throughor.All OCR systems include an optical scanner for education text, and suave softw atomic number 18 for analyzing delineations. Most OCR systems use a mishmash of hardw be (specialized circuit boards) and softwargon to realize purposes, although around economical systems do it unaccompanied through softw ar. Advanced roman OCR sys tems can rede text in grown intermixture of fonts, scarcely they still harbour difficulty with hand write text.1.2. History Of Optical mention RecognitionTo comprehend the phenomena described in the above section, we realise to look at the history of OCR 3, 4, 6, its improvement, quotation methods, computer technologies, and the differences between valets and machines 1, 2, 5, 7, 8. It is always intriguing to be able to rein ways of enabling a computer to ape human functions, handle the ability to read, to deliver, to see things, and so on. OCR explore and development can be traced back to the early 1950s, when scientists tried to confine the images of maculations and texts, first by mechanical and optical means of rotating disks and photomultiplier, flying spot scanner with a cathode give off tube lens, followed by photocells and arrays of them. At first, the examine operation was dawdling and unrivalled line of component parts could be digitized at a time by co ntemptible the scanner or the paper medium. Subsequently, the contraptions of drum and flatbed scanners arrived, which extended scanning to the full page. Then, advances in digital-integ posed circuits brought photo arrays with higher solidity, immediate transports for documents and higher f number in scanning and digital con interpretings.These vital improvements bigly accelerated the recreate of constitution recognition and abridged the cost, and out-of-doorsed up the possibilities of touch on a great range of patterns and documents. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, mod OCR lotions sprang up in retail businesses, banks, hospitals, post authorisations insurance, railroad, and aircraft companies newspaper publishers, and umpteen other industries 3, 4.In parallel with these advances in hardw ar development, rigorous research on personality recognition was fetching place in the research laboratories of twain academic and industrial sectors 6, 7. Although both recognition techniques and computers were non that powerful in the in the early hours (1960s), OCR machines tended to authorize masses of errors when the print quality was poor, caused either by wide contrast in type fonts and roughness of the surface of the paper or by the cotton ribbons of the typewriters 5. To make OCR work proficiently and economically, there was a king-size ram from OCR manufacturers and suppliers toward the modularization of print fonts, paper, and ink qualities for OCR applications. New fonts such as OCRA and OCRB were designed in the 1970s by the American subject Standards show (ANSI) and the atomic number 63an Computer Manufacturers Association (ECMA), respectively. These special fonts were quickly approved by the International Standards Organization (ISO) to facilitate the recognition process 3, 4, 6, 7. As an upshot, in truth high appointment rates became achievable at high travel and at reasonable costs. Such accomplishments also brought better printing tr aits of info and paper for matter-of-fact applications. Actually, they completely revolutionize the data input attention 6 and eliminated the jobs of thousands of keypunch operators who were doing the really mundane work of keying data into the computer.1.3. Common Steps Of OCR impactThe method of converting documents into electronic forms, which is usually referred to as digitization is undertaken in antithetical steps.The process of scanning a document and representing the scanned image for further processing is called the pre-processing or imaging stage.The process of manipulating the scanned image of a document to get under ones skin a searchable text is called the OCR processing stage.1.3.1. The Imaging StageThe imaging outgrowth involves scanning the document and storing it as an image. The most popular image stage used for this purpose is called Tagged-Image File Format (TIFF).The resolution (number of dots per inch dpi) determines the accurateness rate of the OCR p rocess.1.3.2. The OCR ProcessThe study steps of the OCR processing stage are shown below.1.3.3. Distinguishing amidst Text And Images SegmentationIn this step, the process of recognizing the text and image blocks of the scanned image is undertaken. The boundaries of to apiece one image are analyzed in send to differentiate the text.1.3.4. Character Recognition Feature ExtractionThis step involves recognizing a eccentric person using a process cognise as feature extraction. OCR tools stockpiles rules roughly the characters of a given mitt using a method known as the teaching course. A character is then identified by analyzing its construct and comparing its features adjacent to a mountain of rules stored on the OCR railway locomotive that distinguishes each character.1.3.5. Recognition Of CharacterFollowing the character realisation process, character detection process is performed by comparing the string of characters against an existing dictionary of boys. Additi onal processes such as spell-checking are performed under this step.1.3.6. Output data formattingThe finishing step involves storing the output in one of the industry stayard formats such as RTF, PDF, WORD and plain UNICODE text.1.4. conventionalism RecognitionPattern recognition (also known as classification or pattern classification) is a field within the vicinity of artificial intelligence and can be defined as the act of taking in raw data and taking an action based on the category of the data. It uses methods from statistics, machine learning and other vicinities.Typical applications of pattern recognition areAutomatic savoir-faire identification.Classification of text into numerous categories (e.g. spam/non-spam email messages).The unbidden identification of handwritten postal codes on postal envelopes.The involuntary identification of images of human faces etc.The preceding three examples form the subtopicimage analysis of pattern recognition that pact with digital image s as input to pattern recognition systems. many trendy techniques for pattern recognition includeNeural Networks(NN)Hidden Markov Models(HMM)Bayesian networks (BN)The application domains of pattern identification includeComputer Vision mould VisionMedical Image AnalysisOptical Character RecognitionCredit Scoring.1.5. Applications Of The Pattern RecognitionPattern recognition has many useable applications. Some of them are outlined below.Utilizes as a tele colloquy fiscal aid for deaf, in airline reservation, in postal department for postal turn teaching (both handwritten and printed postal codes/addresses) and for medical diagnosis.For use in customer billing as in telephone exchange billing system, ordinate data logging, and automatic finger print identification, as an automatic superintendence system.In automated cartography, metallurgical industries, computer assisted forensic linguist system, electronic mail, tuition units and libraries and for facsimile.For direct proc essing of documents as a useful document reader for large scale data processing, as a micro-film reader data input system, for high speed data entry, for changing text/graphics into a computer readable form, as electronic page reader to handle large muckle of mail.1.6. Scope Of This nominateThe Project is designed to classify and identify a scanned image containing Arabic characters using two pace approaches. In the first pace the Arabic text image is preprocessed. And in the second pace it features are extracted. During the course of work it is assumed that there is no noise in the image and the image is flawlessly scanned with no deviation from its original angle no skewing.1.7. Objectives And Applications Of This WorkArabic Optical Character Recognition can open a novel way of realizing the dream of the natural mode of communication amid man and machine in this part of the world. It will inflate and cipher already forthcoming knowledge to new horizons. Centurys aged rare bridge player in Arabic, Urdu and Persian will become available to common man.The net goal of character recognition is to conjure up the human course session capabilities. Character recognition systems can contribute immensely to the advancement of the mechanization process and can improve the interaction among man and machine in many applications, including office automation, check verification and a large compartmentalization of banking, business and data entry applications, library archives, documents identifications, e-books producing, invoice and shipping notice processing, sub helping handion collections, questionnaires processing, exam papers processing and many other applications9, beside online address and mark training material.1.8. Thesis OrganizationThe rest part of this thesis is divided into 4 chapters. Chapter 2 describes review of literature. Chapter 3 describes Arabic script, its peculiarities and problems. Chapter 4 is regarding the development of Arabi c Character identification and chapter 5 is about conclusions and future directions respectively.Chapter 2 round OF LITERATURE2.1. Optical Character RecognitionSince the beginning of writing as a form of communication, paper prevailed as the medium for writing. Electronic media is refilling paper with time. Because it preserves space and is fast to access, electronic media are forever gaining esteem. The convenience of paper, its pervasive used for communication and archiving, and the quantity of information already on paper, press for quick and accurate methods to automatically read that information and adapt it into electronic form Albadr95.The latent application areas of automatic reading machines are numerous. One of the earliest, and most thriving, applications is sorting checks in banks, as the volume of checks that circulates daily has proven to be too huge for manual entry. most other applications are detailed in the next section Govindan90, Mantas86.The machine sour of human reading (i.e. optical character recognition) has been the subject of widespread research for more than five decades. Character identification is pattern recognition application with a crucial aim of simulating the human reading capabilities of both machine printed and handwritten cursive text. The currently available systems whitethorn interpret faster than humans, but cannot reliably read such a wide diverseness of text nor consider context. One can say that a great quantity of further effort is required to, at least, narrow the fissure between humans reading and machines reading capabilities. The practical significance of OCR applications, as well as the interesting reputation of the OCR problem, has lead to great research interest and assessable advances in this field. Now, technical OCR systems for Latin characters are normally accessible on personal computers achieving recognition rates above 99% McClelland91, Welch93. Further, systems on the market can now interpr et a variety of writing styles (e.g., hand-written, printed Omni-font), and character sets including Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Cyrillic, and Arabic.Since the 50s, researchers have carried out far-reaching work and promulgated many papers on character recognition. Nearly all of the published work on OCR has been on Latin, Japanese or Chinese characters. This has come forthed since the median 40s for Latin, the meat of the 1960s for Chinese and Japanese. The followers are po placeive surveys and reviews on Latin character recognition. Reference whitethorn be made to Mori92 for historical judgement of OCR research and development. The survey of Govindan90 includes surveys of other speech communications Mantas86 has an overview of character identification methodologies, Impedovo91 on mercantile OCR systems, Tian91 on machine-printed OCR, Tappert90, Wakahara92 for on-line manus identification. Suen80 has a survey on automatic identification of hand printed characters (viz. numera ls, alphanumeric, FORTRAN, and Katakana), succession Nouboud90 produced a review of the recognition of hand-printed (non-cursive) characters and conducted of import tests on a business system. Bozinovic89, Simon92 surveyed off-line cursive rule book recognition, Jain et al Jain2000 reviewed statistical pattern recognition methods, and Plamondon2000 comprehensive survey of online and offline paw identification. Two bibliographies of the fields of OCR and document scrutiny appeared in Jenkins93, Kasturi92. Stallings76, Mori84, produced surveys on identification of Chinese machine- and hand-printed characters, respectively, and Liu et al Liu2004 addressed the state of the art of online identification of Chinese characters.2.2. General Review Of Arabic Character RecognitionAlthough almost one billion people world-wide, in several diverse speechs, use Arabic characters for writing (Arabic, Persian, and Urdu are the most noted examples), Arabic character identification has not been r esearched as thoroughly as Latin, Japanese, or Chinese. The first published work on Arabic character acknowledgment may be traced back to 1975 by Nazif Nazif75 in his masters thesis. In his thesis a system for the identification of printed Arabic characters was developed based on extracting strokes that he called radicals (20 radicals are used) and their come ins. He used correlation between the templets of the deep-seated and the character image. A section phase was included to segment the cursive text. eld later Badi and Shimura Badi78, Badi80 and Noah Nouh80 toiled on printed Arabic characters and Amin Amin80 on hand-written Arabic characters. Surveys on AOTR may be referred in Amin85a, Amin98, Shoukry89, Jambi91, Albadr95, Nabawi2000, Ahmed94.On-line systems are restricted to recognizing hand-written text. Some systems recognize remote characters Ali89, Amin80, Amin85b, Amin87, ElSheikh89, ElSheikh90b, ElWakil87, ElWakil89, Saadallah85 and hand-written mathematical formulas E lSheikh90c, Amin91b, while others recognize cursive words Badi78, Badi80, Badi82, Amin82a, Amin82b, Shaheen90, AlEmami90. Since the segmentation problem in Arabic is non-trivial the concluding systems deal with a very much harder problem.While several off-line systems use video cameras to digitize pages of text (e.g., Abbas86, Goraine92, Amin86, HajHassan85, HajHassan90, Nouh80, Nouh87, Nouh89, Sarfraz2003, Sarfraz2004), the inclination now is to use scanners with resolutions ranging from 200 to 400 dots per- inch (e.g., AbdelAzim89c, AbdelAzim90a, AlYousefi88, Amin91a, Bouhlila89, ElDabi90, ElSheikh88a, Ramsis88, Sarfraz2003a, Sarfraz2003b, Zidouri2002, Zidouri2005). Scanners set up less noise to an image, are less pricey, and more commodious to use for character recognition, especially when coupled with automatic document feeders, automatic Binarization, and image enhancement.Among the off-line systems that identify hand-written isolated characters are Abuhaiba90, AlYousefi90, A lTikriti85, ElDesouky92, Hyder88. Abbas86, AbdelAzim89b, Goneid92 identify hand-written Arabic (Hindi) numerals, and Badi80, Badi82, Goraine92, Jambi92, Zahour91 distinguish hand-written words. The majority of off-line systems distinguish typewritten cursive words AbdelAzim89c, AbdelAzim90a, Bouhlila89, ElDabi90, Amin86, ElKhaly90, ElSheikh88b, Goraine89, Khella92, Margner92, Nazif75, Nouh87, Ramsis88, Tolba89, Tolba90, ElRamly89c, HajHassan90, HajHassan91, while ElShiekh88a, Mahdi89, Mahmoud94, Nouh80, Nouh89, NurulUla88, Fayek92, Sarfraz2005d, Zidouri2005 identify however typewritten isolated characters. The systems of Abdelazim90b, AlBadr92, ElGowely90, Kurdy92, Fakir93 are intended to recognize set words. One of the systems Abdelazim89a recognizes bilingual (Arabic/Latin) typewritten words. Examples of systems for detection of other languages that use Arabic script are Parhami81, Yalabik88, Hyder88, which are designed for the identification of Persian, Ottoman (Old Turkish), a nd Urdu, respectively.2.3. Applications Of Optical Character RecognitionOptical character recognition technology has many practical applications that are independent of the treated language. The following are some of these applications financial Business ApplicationsFor cataloging bank checks since the number of checks per day has been far too large for manual arrangement.Commercial Data ProcessingFor inflowing data into commercial data processing files, for example inflowing the names and addresses of mail order customers into a database. In addition, it can be worn as a work sheet reader for payroll accounting.In Postal segmentFor postal address reading, cataloging and as a reader for handwritten and printed postal codes.In Newspaper IndustryPremium typescript may be read by recognition equipment into a computer typesetting system to keep past from typing errors that would be introduced by keypunching the text on computer peripheral device equipment.Use By BlindIt is used as a reading abet using photo sensor and tactile simulators, and as a sensory aid with sound output. Additionally, it can be worn for reading text sheets and reproduction of Braille originals.In Facsimile TransmissionThis action involves transmission of brilliant data over communications channels. In practice, the pictorial data is mainly text. Instead of transmitting characters in their pictorial representation, a character identification system could be used to recognize each character then transmit its text code. Finally, it is worth to say that the major potential application for automatic character identification is as a general data entry for the automation of the work of an ordinary office typist.2.4. Development Of New OCR TechniquesAs OCR research and development advanced, demands on handwriting identification also increased because a lot of data (such as addresses written on envelopes sums written on checks names, addresses, identity numbers, and dollar set written on invoic es and forms) were written by hand and they had to be pierce into the computer for processing. But early OCR techniques were based generally on template matching, child desire line and geometric features, stroke detection, and the extraction of their derivatives.Such techniques were not classy enough for practical identification of data handwritten on forms or documents. To cope with this, the Standards Committees in the United States, Canada, Japan, and some countries in Europe designed some handprint models in the 1970s and 1980s for people to write them in boxes 7. Hence, characters written in such specified shapes did not take leave too much in styles, and they could be recognized more slowly by OCR machines, especially when the data were pierced by controlled groups of people, for example, employees of the same gild were asked to write their data like the advocated models. Sometimes writers were asked to follow certain subvention instructions to enhance the quality of the ir samples, for example, write big, close the loops, use simple shapes, do not link characters, and so on. With such constraints, OCR detection of handprints was able to flourish for a number of years.2.5. Recent Trends And MovementsAs the years of complete(a) research and development went by, and with the birth of several new conferences and workshops such as IWFHR (International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition), 1 ICDAR (International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition), 2 and others 13, identification techniques advanced rapidly. Moreover, computers became much more authoritative than before. People could write the way they normally did, and characters need not have to be written like specified models, and the subject of unobstructed handwriting recognition gained considerable momentum and grew swiftly. As of now, many new algorithms and techniques in pre-processing, feature extraction, and powerful classification methods have been urbanized 8, 9.C hapter 3ARABIC A CURSIVE SCRIPT3.1. ArabicArabic is a semantic language used as principal language in most countries. Arabic is vocalized by 234 million people 9 and essential in the culture of many more. While spoken Arabic varies across region, written Arabic, sometimes called Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), is a uniform version used for official communication across the Arab world 9. The characters of Arabic script and similar character are used by a much higher entitlement of the worlds population to write language such as Arabic, Farsi, Persian and Urdu. Thus the ability to automate the understanding of written Arabic would have wide spread benefits.Arabic is normally written in the calligraphic Nastaliq script, whereas Naskh is more commonly used. Usually, bare transliterations of Arabic into Roman letters pull many phonemic elements that have no counterpart in position or other languages commonly written in the Roman first principle. National delivery Authority of Pakistan h as developed numeral systems with specific notations to signify non-English sounds, but these can only be appropriately read by someone already familiar with Urdu, Persian, or Arabic for letters such as ? ? ? ? or ? and Hindi for letters. Most of Arabic characters when pooled form a arcdegree of about 45 to the horizontal line because of which Arabic script reading is faster than roman script but on the other hand it makes it harder for the greenhorn readers and the machines to identify the word or segment one character from the rest.Unlike the English script there is no capital or small characters in Urdu, but the last character of a word can be measured as a capital character as in many cases it presents the full form of the character and the characters at early and kernel positions are considered as small. Every character has an unreserved shape besides different get together forms, but some of the alphabet like the characters making the word Urdu (? ? ? ?) or of the similar category are not joinable or cannot be machine-accessible. Arabic alphabet utilizes consonant letters, vowels, discriminating marks, numerals, punctuations and a few superscripts signs.The graphical representation of each alphabet has redundancy one form depending on its position and context in the word. In general each letter has four forms that is beginning, middle, final and standalone as shown in table 3.1.3.2. Arabic LettersThe Arabic alphabet contains 28 letters. individually has between two and four shapes and the choice of which shape to use depends on the situation of the letter within its word or sub word. The shape correspond to the four positions beginning of a (sub) word, middle of a (sub) word. decision of a (sub) word and in isolation. Table 3.1 shows each shape for each letter. Letters without initial shapes are purely their isolated shapes, and their medial shapes are their final shapes.Some letters have descanters or ascenders which are position that extend b elow the primary line on which the letters sit or above the stature of most letters. Theres no upper or cast down case, but only one case. Arabic script is written from righteousness to left, andLetters within a word are usually joined even in machine print. Letter shapes and whether or not to connect depend on the letter and its neighbors. Letters are committed at the same virtual top side. The baseline is the line at the height at which letters are allied, and it is akin to the line on which some an English word sits. Letters are wholly above it unpack for decanters and some markings. Theres no association between separate words. So word boundaries are always represented by a breathing space. half-dozen letters, however, can be allied only on one side. When they turn over in the middle of a word, the word is divided into manifold sub-words disjointed by space.A ligature is a word shaped by combining two or more letters in an recognized manner. Arabic has numerous standard ligatures, which are exception to the above rules for joining letters. Most common is laam- alif, the combination of laam and alif and other include yaa-meem.3.3. Problems Of Arabic book of accountDespite a huge character set Arabic has a small set of characters which are easily discernible from one another. The remaining character fluctuates from these character using dots or symbols above or below these shapes 19. The table 3.2 shows group of similar characters and their derived forms.As shown above table 3.2, only 21 different groups exits out of 32 character set. It will flummox the identification phase of Arabic characters. Further study of other forms ( initial, middle and final ) of these character divulges that ein( ) is analogous to hamza(?), wow (?) qualification be suspicious with (?) , ze (?) resembles noon () and mem(?) can be baffled with middle form of ein () and with stand alone goal-he (?).A key distinction between Latin scripts and Arabic script is the fact tha t many letters only differ by a dot(s) but the primary stroke is exactly the same. 193.4. Others Problems In Arabic OCRAll Muslims (almost of the people on the earth) can read Arabic because it is the language of Al-Quran, the holy book of Muslims. Even though, Arabic script identification has not received enough welfare by the researchers. Little research appear has been accomplished comparing to the one done on the Latin and Chinese. The elucidations available in the market are still far from being complete 11, 14. There are few raison dtres led to this result.Require of financial support and platform accessible from any government (official language of countries).neediness of ample support in terms of journals, books etc. and lack of interaction between researchers in this playing fieldlack of broad-spectrum support utilities like Arabic text databases, dictionaries, programming tools, and supporting staffbelatedly start of Arabic text identification (first publication in 1975 compared with the 1940s in the case of Latin character recognition)The research carried out on Arabic language is typically scattered and outside from the Arab world.There are no specialized conferences or symposium demeanor so far.Algorithms developed for other language scripts are not pertinent on Arabic.3.5. Characteristics Of Arabic CharactersThe calligraphic nature of the Arabic set is eminent from other languages in several ways. For example,Arabic text is written from right to left.No upper or lower cases subsist in Arabic, but sometimes the last character of a word is considered as upper case because its always remains in its full form.Arabic has 28 fundamental characters, of which 16 have from one to three dots. Those dots discriminate between the otherwise similar characters. Additionally, three characters can have a meander like stroke. The dots are called secondaries and they are fixed above the character primary part as in ALEF (?), or below like BAA (?), or in the mi ddle like JEEM (?).Written Arabic text is cursive mutually in machine-printed and hand-written text. at heart a word, some characters unite to the preceding and/or following characters, and some do not connect. The connectivity of characters consequences in a word having one or more connected components. We will refer to each connected piece of a word as a sub-word.The shape of an Arabic character depends on its location in the word a character might have up to four different shapes depending on it being isolated, connected from the right (beginning form), connected from the left (ending form), or connected from both sides (middle form).A distinguishing feature of Arabic writing is the presence of a base-line. The baseline is a level line that runs through the connected portions of text (i.e. where the characters connection segments are located). The baseline has the highest number of text pixels. (See figure 3.2.)Characters in a word may overlie vertically (even without touching). Arabic characters do not have permanent size (height and width). The character size varies according to its pose in the word,Characters in a word can have diacritics. These diacritics are written as strokes, placed either on top of, or below, the characters. Poles by diacritic on a character may change the sum of a word. Readers of Arabic are accustomed to reading un-diacritical text by deducing the meaning from context.Numerous characters can combine vertically to form a ligature, especially in typeset and handwritten text.Arabic words may perhaps consist of one or more sub-words. Each sub-word may have one or more characters, because some Arabic characters are not joinable to others from the left side. As an example, the word Ketab ( ) consists of two sub-words Keta ( ) which consists of three characters and BAA( ?) which is a single character.There are merely three characters that represent vowels, ? , ? or ? . However, there are other shorter vowels represented by diacritics in the form of over come tos or underscores but practice of over score and underscore in Arabic is lessDots may materialize as two separated dots, touched dots, hat or as a stroke.Another style of Arabic handwriting is the arty or cosmetic calligraphy which is usually full of overlapping making the identification process even more difficult by human being earlier than by computers.3.6. SummaryArabic script includes its cursive nature of writings, right to left style of writing and change of form and shape when a character is placed at different locations of a word, loops, half closed(a) characters and dots on above or below a character. National Language Authority defined 32 characters set but it has 21 works characters beside numeral and diacritics.Chapter 4ARABIC CHARACTER RECOGNITION4.1. Phases Of Arabic Character RecognitionIn an offline character identification system, the user scans a event script, runs the OCR and gets the documents saved in a file format of his choice. The alteration of the text from the scanning phase to the final document involves a number of phases that are transparent to the user. The proposed system can be implemented in the following stepsImage AcquisitionDigitizationPreprocessingFeature extractionRecognition. externalize 4.1 shows the componen

The Character of Kent In King Lear :: William Shakespeare Plays Essays

The Character of Kent In King LearWhile necessitateing Eva turner Clarks analysis of King Lear, in her Hidden Allusions in Shakespeares Plays, I was afflicted by the polarity of our interpretation of this supreme drama. Where Clark finds historical and political allusions, oddly for the years 1589-1590, I find personal onenesss. For King Lear is a lay out of internal, personal tragedy. With this in mind I strongly disagree with her statement, I consider Kent represents Drake. (P. 869 n.) on that pointfore I sought another contemporary of Oxfords who would get together the characteristics and qualities of the Earl of Kent. In looking tor this prototype, I drew upon J. Thomas Looneys methodology. (See Shakespeare Identified, p. 80.) Simply declared my task was to examine the text of Lear, to draw from it a definite mood of the character and qualities of the Earl of Kent, and then look for a man who fits that description. Once much(prenominal) a man was found it was necessary to connect him with the character of Kent and with the author. lastly I found that my conception of Kent had been accurately described by S.T. Coleridge, Kent is, perhaps, the nearby to perfect goodness in all Shakespeares characters, and yet the most individualized. There is an extraordinary charm in a bluntness, which is that only of a nobleman arising from a contempt of overtrained courtesy, and combined with easy placability where goodness of heart is apparent. His fanatical affection for and fidelity to Lear act on our feelings in Lears own privilege virtue itself, seems to be in company with him. (Complete Works of Samuel Coleridge, Vol. IV, edited by W.G.T. Shedd, Harper and Bros., New York 1884, pp. 138-39.) The first two requirements of Looneys blueprint had been completed. I had read and examined the text of Lear, and with the aid of Coleridge, I had out-lined the qualities of Kent. It was now necessary to find the man. He must be blunt precisely charming noble and co urteous, but not overbearing in rank or slavish to authority. He must be loyal to his country, his monarch, and his friends. He must be person worthy to lead men even nations. (It must be remembered that Kent is one of the triumvirate who, it is implied at the close of the play, will lead Englands destinies.) He must be someone who had won the highest respect and admiration of Oxford the man chosen to be old King Lears personal champion (and, in effect Oxfords similarly?

Style Mirrored in the theme of As I Lay Dying :: essays research papers

Style Mirrored in the constitution of As I Lay Dying William Faulkner in his book As I Lay Dying communicates the central theme of Independence to video disp unload his style of writing Point of view. In As I lay Dying the theme is independence of the family, of each character. Each of the characters independence is devised of their closing off and their individuality. In each characters chapter its their points of view, either if they are reliable or not, he shows what they are and converts it by the characters words and then to us. There are triplet passages in sequential order which show true isolation through their points of view are Cora, Addie, Whitfield. These three characters have conflicts relation to one another, entirely each of their chapters they inform us more, while the other characters are oblivious(predicate) to what really happened. In the chapter of Cora (the wife of Tull, a religious woman in the area, who disapproves of Addie) she spends the finals hours of Addies life with her. There was a flashback to when they were having a conversation of religion, how Addie was adjudicate rather then leaving it up to God. Addie was vain and proud of it, and she cognize that Jewel was her favorite and most appreciative. That Jewel is her God He is my crosscut and he will be my salvation. Cora is independent to this family she has nothing in coarse but their location. They Bundren family is not religious compared to Cora, Cora hitchms as a missionary severe to convert this family into believers. But even thought The Cora and the family dont see eye-to-eye, she thinks that she needs to be there to explain religion.

God’s Transition to a Feared, Cruel Deity in Modernist Literature and P

Previous literary schools, much(prenominal) as the Renaissance writers and Romanticism, depicted immortal as an extremely powerful, be brasss benevolent deity that ensured that the conclusion to most events turned out in a positive fashion. After World War Is catastrophic cost in lives, souls, and property, many authors and poets changed their views of God. Instead of a loving, almighty force for good, God turned into a cruel, supernatural being that chooses not to intervene when humans suffer. Many modernists felt that if God could not hold back a disaster such as World War I, he either looked passively at humans or even assist in their abilities to destroy fellow men, women, and children. Authors such as T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, and Ernest Hemingway described God in this manner, especially during their European expatriate periods. Since God gave humans, the power to be cruel, God must also possess a cruel side to his image.Among such finest literary artists, the name of T.S El iot tops the list. His work illustrates a slide by view of modernism. Being a spectator of the critical conditions of the twentieth century, his demonstrations in poetry and essays confirms a supreme blend of thoughts towards religion and belief (William). Eliots another distinction in poetry The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock was interpreted as an upper hand with appreciation. He mentioned the thesis of simplicity and relieve in human nature. Turning towards the religious side even in his practical life as well, Eliot expressed a variety of such themes. In The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, he symbolized how men try to follow the feelings of women as after the World War I they came out to be working on their new function of bread earner. The measures of women exhibit the def... ...so Rises. EPub Edition. sensitive York Harper Collins, 2012. 115. eBook.MacDonald, Harold, ed. modify Wednesday Ash Wednesday by T.S. Eliot. Insight. Lenten Poems, 2012. Web. 10 Apr 2012. Moody, Anthony David. The Cambridge young man to T.S. Eliot. Cambridge, England Cambridge University Press, 1994. 121. Print.Pound, Ezra. Ballad for Gloom. Bartleby.com. Bartleby. Web. 6 Apr. 2012Pound, Ezra. The Cantos. Baym, Nina, Wayne Franklin 1492-98. Read, Forrest. The Pattern of the Pisan Cantos. Sewanee Review 65.3 (1957) 400-19. jam. 12 Apr. 2012. Rodgers, Audrey T. T. S. Eliots Purgatorio The Structure of Ash Wednesday. Comparative Literature Studies 7.1 (1970) 97-112. JSTOR. 8 Apr. 2012. Videnov, Valentin A. Human voices in silent seas a reading of Eliots Love Song. The Explicator 67.2 (2009) 126+. Literature Resource Center. Web. 1 May 2012.

Dolce and Gabbana Perfume Advertisement Essay examples -- Papers

dolce and Gabbana Perfume Advertisement I leave alone be looking at the touch on for the Dolce & Gabbana perfume. This particular advert is trying to persuade the interview to buy both the male and distaff version of the perfume. To analyse this advert I will be using the key concepts. The advert has 3 main colours in it. The first is a light brownish colour that is the background to the advert and also the same colour as the skins of the models. This brown is a warm controlling colour, which portrays a warm positive catch to the perfume when you first set eyes on the mountain chain. The separate two colours in the picture are black and unobjectionable. The egg white is worn by the male and the black by the female. The white on the male model could connote purity and undecomposedness, whereas the black on the female could connote an evil, mischievous side to her. The fact that they are both necking passionately could connote to the audience th at the D&G perfume brings the good and the mischievous together which will appeal to some readers. Black and white may also be used in this advert to translate a classy sophisticated look. The layout of the advert is very typical of a perfume advert in a magazine. The main body of the im come on is taken up by the 2 models entwined with only a secondary image of the actual perfumes at the bottom of the page. The reason for doing this is so that as the reader inspects the advert they will be drawn down the image and the final thing they will see and remember is the image of the perfumes with the scar name beneath it. This will then lock in the audiences entrepot rather than the actual larger images of the models themselves which are more there just... ...t that they should go buy it to aspire to be like the models featured in it. It is in all probability that this advert would be in a magazine aimed at this age group so the conditions they put one a cross the advert should not affect its seismic disturbance unless its put in a magazine or place which would receive the wrong audience who may be opposition or aberrant. In conclusion, the advert has a very sexy feel to it, which is created by the colours, mise en scene, and the characters involved. There is a definite target audience of younger adults, and the exclusively advert has a positive feel for the Dolce and Gabbana branding. The small union of text produces more focus on the images which means the audience will connote its own meaning more than if they had to read reams of text. This should definitely stand by sell the product to its specific audience.

Right or Wrong :: Free Essay Writer

Right or violateIntroductionViolence is not generally accepted in our society. thither are different levels of violence and some violence can be categorised as not so violent while another(prenominal) violence is extreme. There are guidelines which are set so new people are protected from extreme violence. The Office of Film and lit Classification places different classifications on the different forms of media. A recent utilisation of this is the banning of GTA San Andreas for its high level of violence and low classification. However we usance violence to get what we need and what we want.Hello fellow classmates, today I am here to defend Raymonds deed in kill Ron Kendall.The Action I Agree WithRaymonds most important action in the story is surrounded with controversy. The important part is when Raymond takes the taw and teems Ron Kendall. It begins when the state of war starts in Sesame Street. Raymond keeps saying that he wants a weapon. Gracey, Raymonds infant is try ing to convince Ron to abandon Cooper, the racist, and his bizarre idea of war with the blacks. It some works but Raymond gets Rons gun. Ron then walks towards Raymond slowly asking for the gun back but Raymond then shoots Ron. If Raymond had not shot Ron then he would founder got the gun back and Raymond and the others would be at risk. So it is Rons own fault that he got shot because he and Cooper had workforceace Raymond. And all Raymond was trying to do is defend himself from Ron.The First PointRaymond knew what mannequin of men he was up against. He was up against cold lusty murderers who planned to shoot the aborigines as they escaped from their houses because of the flood. If he were to give the gun back to Ron he and everybody else could be harmed.The EvidenceThe evidence is stated in the book, Are you really going to shoot all the blacks when they come kayoed off their houses? Gracey asked, Ron Kendall then says Only the young blokes. Therefore Ron Kendall was willin g to go along with Cooper and shoot the blacks.Rounding off the PointWith men like Cooper threatening Raymonds life and planning to shoot the helpless Aborigines, we cant blame Raymond for taking the gun and defend himself and the others.Point TwoI dont see how Raymond could have had any reason to hope Kendall was going to listen to Graceys right-hand(a) sense.

Platos Allegory of the Cave and Jumping Mouse :: Allegory Jumping

Platos Allegory of the Cave and jumping Mouse uprightness is like trout. Slippery, it becomes difficult to grasp tightly in any apportion on to catch it, and is even more difficult to show to other people, in that when one holds it up for scrutiny it is often lost in the splutter to do so. Jumping Mouse and Platos The Allegory of the Cave have a common theme in the form of the search for uprightness, and showing this truth to the unenlightened. They vary greatly, however, in the carrying out of their exposure of truth, and more, their view of truth and how it is to be handled. In the ancient story of Jumping Mouse, Mouse finds his individualised manner to the river and medicine through his ability to literally jump past his fears and propose the sacred mountains. When he does so, he catches a glimpse of a personal vision that is to drive him through the remainder of the story, and eventually to a higher(prenominal) plane when he is changed into an eagle. This vision is ever ything to him from that point on, and he strives from then on to reach it. After he has seen it and fallen into the river, he returns to where the rest of the mice are busy with the same thing they did when he left. They are enthralled in their narrow worlds and views, and so treat him with fear when they see him. They choose to hasten a story to explain his physical change, an excuse to stay remote from him, possibly because they fear the ideas of change he brings back with him. On the near basic level, Jumping Mouse at that point threatens their existence. They are mice, and delimitate by the fact that they are ever busy burrowing and nesting and foraging Jumping Mouse comes back with the idea that this might not be the only(prenominal) thing to life. Obviously they cannot simply drop everything they had known to that point and take up his view, so they instead rejected him. Platos Allegory of the Cave is mistakable in that a fabled and nameless man who had been chained t o his illusions was invest free and saw the true personality of all that was around him, orthogonal of the cave. When he hypothetically returns to try to tell those who are still chained there of the outside world, and how everything they see is only the faint shadows outlining the true nature of reality, they reject him outright.

Persuation Paper -- essays research papers

When watching college athletes participating in their sports, does it ever cross ones mind that the athletes choketing remunerative? The NCAA establishes rules and regulations for universities to follow and one of the most important rules is that student athletes should not encounter any money with the exception of scholarships towards their tuition and housing (Winn). In 1999, the accounting of Higher Education surveyed atheletes statistics on graduation rates for scholarship college athletes in the NCAAs top Division I. Fifty-one percent of football players and 41 percent of male basketball players graduated in six eld (Meggyesy). NCAA Chief Operating Officer Dan Boggan stated before the eligibility standards, some student-athletes including nonage student-athletes, were brought onto campuses solely for their athletics ability, with little chance for them to graduate (quoted in Reith).This makes me sincerely disappointed that some schools take sports to be more serious than academics. The schools be willing to dish out a couple of hundred dollars to get the best athletes so that they can get a championship mastery at their schools. That is just not right.Another thing that makes me very baseless is that the media and fans want basketball and football players to leave school early because they do the talent to go straight to the pros. But when they do choose to do so, the media has s...

paganbeo Pagan and Heathen Elements in Beowulf Essays -- Epic Beowulf

Pagan/Heathen Elements in Beowulf In Beowulf the infidel element, which coexists alongside the Christian, sometimes in a seemingly contradictory fashion, is many an(prenominal) faceted. Certainly the pagan element seems to be too deeply interwoven in the text of Beowulf for us to suppose that it is due to additions made by scribes. While the poets reflections and characters statements are mostly Christian, the customs and ceremonies, on the early(a) hand, are almost entirely heathen/pagan. This fact seems to point to a heathen work which has undergone revision by Christian minstrels. The poets rarified age is full of men twain emphatically pagan and exceptionally good, men who believe in a God whom they thank at every imaginable opportunity. Yet they perform all the pagan rites cognize to Tacitua, and are not Christian (Frank 52). One of the foremost pagan practices in Beowulf is the burial rite of cremation. In the narrative after the conquest of Grendel, a gleeman si ngs the Finnsburh Episode, the story of a Danish peaceweaver who lost husband, brother and son in the feud. Once the tribes agreed to peace Then Hildeburh ordered her own fallen son placed on the pyre beside his uncle Hnaef, their bone-cases burned, given full fire-burial. Beside them both the noblewoman wept, mourned with songs. The warrior rose up the mighty death-fire spiraled to heaven, thundered before the mound. Their heads melted, their gashes spread open, the melodic phrase shot out of the bodys f... ...ons, edited by Harold Bloom. natural York Chelsea domicil Publishers, 1987. Ward & Trent, et al. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature. New York G.P. Putnams Sons, 190721 New York Bartleby.com, 2000 The poet mentions pagan error, briefly and in passing (175-88), before depicting noble pagan monotheists for some 3000 lines (Frank 58). SECONDARY BIBLIOGRAPHY Frank, Roberta. The Beowulf Poets champion of Histo ry. In Beowulf Modern Critical Interpretations, edited by Harold Bloom. New York Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. Robinson, Fred C.. Apposed Word Meanings and Religious Perspectives. In Modern Critical Interpretations Beowulf, edited by Harold Bloom. New York Chelsea House Publishers, 1987.

Birth of the Calle Ocho Festival :: Little Havana Miami Latin Culture

The Birth of the C bothe Ocho fete In the heart of Miami, Florida, the C tout ensemblee Ocho Festival is an event open to people of all ethnic ski bindinggrounds and age groups. This event dates back to the late seventies. The festival originated in 1977. It was organized by 2 men, Leslie Pantn Jr. and Willy Bermello, who cherished to start a project with the Miami Herald to bring the community approximate together. They decided on a festival while scribbling on the back of a place mat at lunch one solar day at the Red Coach Inn during the summer of 1977. Pantn and Bermellos goal was to have a alley party that would display the Latin-American lifestyle in the city of Miami for non-Spanish speakers. Today, this festival has grown into the largest Hispanic festival held in the United States. Hundreds of thousands of people attend the event for the dancing, eating, and getting to write out everyone and everything that is part of Little capital of Cuba.The Calle Ocho festival was originally named the Open House Eight, because the two organizers wanted the festival to be an open welcome to southwest 8th Street. With no credit, Pantn and Bermello ran into a slight problem with their idea. They indispensable money to start up their plan for the festival. Relying solely on the instigate of friends for finance, they managed to raise $37,000 to put on a fifteen block street party. However, Pantn and Bermello still needed coverage for the new festival. give thanks to knocking on galore(postnominal) doors, making presentations to advertisers, and receiving television coverage, they received all the publicity they needed. People from all over South Florida came to attend the Calle Ocho festival. The commencement ceremony festival, held in 1978, was a major success.Music, food, dancing, and smiling faces are some of the many attractions you may find at this festival. Performers such as Willy Chirino, Oscar de Leon, El granny knot Combo, Celia Cruz, The Barrio Boys, and Gloria Estefan and the Miami Sound Machine, among others, have performed during the past twenty years. Salsa, merengue, cumbia, and guaguanc dancers fill the streets of Little Havana every year.

Religion, Barnard College Women, War, and Evangelical Biblical Interpretation after 9.11 :: September 11 Terrorism Essays

Religion, Barnard College Women, War, and evangelistic Biblical Interpretation after 9.11 One of the most disturbing things approximately living in New York City since 9.11 has been the way in which the U.S. has been qualified to wage war on Afghanistan and now maybe Iraq, with very inadequate public outcry. Id like to suggest that behind the apathy, current traditions of Christian scriptural interpretation may be at work, traditions that romp feminine figures in very particular slipway. These are interpretive traditions around salvation memorial, and apocalypse.Of course, one of the reasons that many people, particularly liberals, have not contrasted the war is the discourse of saving Afghan women. There have been a number of insightful postcolonial reappraisals of this discourse and how it harms Afghan and Muslim womenfor example, Lila Abu-Lughods shed given at Columbia University, Responding to War, which built on Gayatri Spivaks critique that so often white men feel they have to render brown women from brown men. I would like to take these critiques as a premise, plainly move in a slightly different mode to consider where white men get their savior-complexes. I am interested in how interpretations of the bible shape political events and how the interpretive traditions of salvation history and apocalypse may be grounding this neo-colonial discourse of saving women. here Im not just talking about media rhetoric, but also about how people respond to that rhetoric and how certain ways of reading the bible position them to respond to that rhetoric. Given that evangelicalism and fundamentalism are alive(predicate) and well in the U.S, I think its important to consider how greenness interpretations of the bible are part of the political calculus. This magnate be an explicit point, but I think that those of us on the left might bemoan the Christian Right without paying attention to precisely how biblical interpretations get incorpo rated mainstream discourse. However, my comments here are meant to be more implicative than conclusive.The trope of Israel as a woman gets taken up in salvation history oriented interpretations of the Hebrew Bible in predictable ways. Israel is commonly read as woman who must alternately be punished and saved, and then ultimately led into dominion over opposite nations. For instance, Ive documented some examples of these kinds of reading in my work on

Alexander Graham Bell :: essays research papers

horse parsley graham flour chime     Alexander Graham Bell is a name of great significance in Americanhistory today. A skillful inventor and generous philanthropist, he knocked out(p)the world with his intuitive ideas that proved to be both innovative and super practical in the latter half of the 19th century. Most notable, ofcourse, atomic number 18 Bells work in developing the telephone and his venerable life-longendeavor to nurture the deaf. Originally, his only wish was to help deaf peopleovercome their hindrance in learning verbal communication, and later was pushedinto researching the possibility of a wind that could transmit the human voiceelectronically over a distance. after building his first working telephonemodel, Bells fame spread quickly as people in America and around the worldbegan to realize the horrendous potential this wonderfully fascinating new fraudheld in butt in for society (Brinkley 481). His telephone an instant success andalre ady a burgeoning industry, A. G. Bell decided to turn his attention back toassisting the deaf and following opposite creative ideas including the developmentof a metal detector, an electric probe which was employ by many surgeons beforethe X ray was invented, a device having the same purpose as todays iron lung,and besides a order of locating icebergs by detecting echoes from them. With hismany inventions (especially the insanely popular and universally appliedtelephone), his efforts to educate the deaf, and the founding and financing ofthe American connecter to call down the Teaching of Speech to the Deaf (nowcalled the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf), Alexander GrahamBell has become a very historic historical figure indeed (Berstein 9).Perhaps a key agent in Bells successful life was his invigoratingbackground. His family and his education definitely had a deep influence on hiscareer. Born in Scotland, his mother was a painter and an accomplished musician,h is father a teacher of the deaf and nomenclature textbook writer. His fatherinvented "Visible Speech," a code of symbols which indicated the position of thethroat, tongue, and lips in making sounds. These symbols helped guide the deafin learning to speak. His grandfather, also named Alexander Bell, had similarlyspecialized in good mother tongue. He acted for several eld and later gave dramaticreadings from Shakespeare. Young Alexander Graham Bell had a great talent formusic. He played by ear from infancy, and genuine a musical education. Later,Bell and his two brothers assisted their father in public demonstrations inVisible Speech, beginning in 1862. He also enrolled as a student-teacher atWeston House, a boys school, where he taught music and speech in exchange for

Hamlet - Was Prince Hamlet Wacko? :: essays research papers

In Shakespeares " small(a) town", the main character offers a mystify and ambiguous persona. Throughout the play, village often contradicts himself. He seems to balance the virtues of " vie a role", with being true to himself. Further proof of these contrast personas are demonstrated by his actions and inactions. The ambiguity noted here, lies in both conflicting mannerisms displayed by the young small town One that is perfectly compose and rational and another which displays madness. These conflicting behaviors are related within Hamlets cozy struggle-to kill Claudius for revenge of his fathers murder or act responsibly, and await get on proof of Claudius guilt. Throughout the play, Hamlet teeters on the brink of insanity generate by his actions, or inactions.Hamlets sanity is clarified, in the first act, by statements and feelings show within his dialogue. When asked about his depressed appearance and demeanor by Gertrude, Hamlet replies, "Seems, mada m? Nay, it is. I recognize not "seems" (1037, line 76). This relates the idea that Hamlet is what he appears to be. Later, he clearly makes a statement about his moral health when he commits himself to avenge his fathers murder. This quote allows the reader to follow Hamlets give lessons of thought in regards to his role as student, mourning son, and Prince to the throne"Ill mop away all trivial fond records, All saws of books, all forms, all pressures past That youth and observation copied there, And thy commandment all alone shall watch Within the book and volume of my brain" (1054, line 100). Hamlet is stating his finale commitment to nothing short of revenge of his fathers death. At this juncture in the play, there is little doubt about his state of mind, or intentions. However, the neighboring act belies Hamlets sanity and reason.In act two, Hamlet appears again, although it now becomes unmistakable he has lost the conviction he demonstrated earlier-to c omplete his requirement as prescribed by the ghost of his father. During this act, Hamlet spends most of his age reading and talking with Polonius, Guildenstern, Rosencrantz, and the players. Not until the very end of this second act, does Hamlet refer to his filial duty to avenge his father. Instead of carrying out the caboodle described by his fathers spirit-role of the vengeful son-Hamlet exhibits insane behaviors. This is illustrated by his statements to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, "I know not-lost my mirth, forgone all custom of exercises..." (1071, line 282).

The Consumer And The Gimmick :: essays research papers

The Consumer and the GimmickTo solar day there are many factors that attenuate the harmony industry. One factorinvolves the way we push musicians into allowing the industry to circularize onegood outcry thus forgetting the rest of the album. We the consumers have in few waybeen satisfied with just one good song from one clean band. Perhaps there isa simple formula for disaster. First the song is played on the radio and thenthe video is constantly on MTV, thus causing us to get tired of the music. Itsas painless as thatWe sit and whine about not hearing sufficiency from our favorite band, butonce they come out with new music we smother ourselves in it. We then get sickof it and are go forth looking for something new to fulfill our cravings. This iswhen we, the monster consumers of music, decide to take our involution to the next crash song. Its not all our fault. You have to put at least some blame on thebands themselves. They feel that it is part of their occupation to i ndulge our call fors.We as lovers of what these songwriters do are appalled and disgusted by hearinganything but the best from our favorite bands. Once we have what we want itsnot long before we want more. This is because we consume the musicians talentslike a fast food happy meal. We open the box, take out the toy, draw away thecontents, and then bitch about being hungry. When we do this we of all time so say,"Its a cool song, but they are a one hit wonder." We the hungry consumer donot give the bands a chance to usher their true musical talents. One exampleinvolves the group vim subway and their hit song "The Freshman." This songs LPwas out in December. No one find it until halfway through the month ofMarch. "The Freshman" was played every xxx minutes on the radio and fifteentimes a day on MTV. This in my opinion results in the complete overplay of onebands hit song. Now we consider them a "One hit wonder." The Verve Pipe hasmore good music , but who is to say that anyone will ever hear it?Another thing that hurts the industry is the reliance on gimmicks.decision talent in a band that relies on gimmicks is as light(a) as lifting athree-hundred pound man above you head. Sure for some it is easy, but forothers its damn near impossible. A few bands that rely on gimmicks are MarilynManson and basically any rapper you can think of saturnine the top of your head.

Syrian Civil War: Causation Essay example -- arab republic, ottoman rul

Middle East Project Syrian obliging War CausationAfter four hundred years of irresolute Ottoman rule, and three decades fighting the mandate of the French, the many diverse peoples of Syria in conclusion could call Syria their own. Yet, independence was not synonymous with peace. Without a common enemy, the Syrian people remembered their differences and began to squabble amongst themselves. Even now, seven decades after the formation of the Syrian Arab Republic, peace is yet but a far-flung dream. In June of 2000, then-President Hafez al-Assad, of the foregoing Baath Party, passed away and his title was left, through an unfortunate accident, in the transfer of his second, less determined son, Bashar al-Assad. With his death came strife. Powerful clashing forces previously kept quashed by Baath Party Rule began to emerge yet again, and Syria was plunged into conflict. The Syrian civil war crisis, commonly accepted to have begun with the rule of Bashar al-Assad, had root in histo ry extending past Hafez al Assad (Baath Party Ruling) and, through a combination of external pressures, environmental and foreign, and internal inconsistency and weakness blossomed into the detail today.The Baath Party, the name Arabic for Renaissance or Resurrection (Polk), was founded in 1947 by Michel Aflaq, a Syrian teacher whose views on patriotism gained him support from Arabs across the area (Profile). Quickly merging with other parties, the now-Arab Socialist Baath Party became real competition to its opposition as its popularity surged among students of the nation. Historically, as Syrian people were (and are) extremely diverse, a wide range of opinions on nationalism and religion have been presented, each addressing a different aspect of ... ...LIO, 2014. Web. 5 Mar. 2014.Urban and Rural Human Geography in Syria. News and Events sign of View. Geography Services, n.d. Web. 4 Mar. 2014. .Warner, Andy. Syrias First Family. Slate. SlateGroup, n.d. Web. 21 Mar. 2014. . maju scule Post. Syrian Civil War A Rising Death Count. Washington Post. Washington Post, n.d. Web. 4 Mar. 2014. .Zahler, Kathy. The Assads Syria. Minneapolis Twenty-First Century, 2010. Print. Dictatorships. Zuhur, Sherifa. Bashar al-Assad. World History The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2014. Web. 3 Mar. 2014.