Geo 509 – Major Paper

Introduction The purpose of this report is to probe and illustrate the geographical argumentations of eragrostis tef on with details of its global dispersion. The common anatomy of the clip in Ethiopia is tef. It was chosen for its hea then(prenominal) signifi earth-closetce and its importance mount In Ethiopia, approximately 4. 9 one thousand thousand acres of land is devoted to its exertion e very year. From 2003-2005 production statistics indicated that tef accounted for about 29% of the land and 20% of the gross mite production of all study caryopsis finishing in the bea (National question Council).genus Eragrostis tef belongs to the grass family Poaceae, and is species of Eragrostis. It contains about 350 species and tef is the only cultivated cereal grass (Seyfu). Its name tef is originated from the Amharic tidings yate-tef-ah, which means, lost. Since the scin gutteras be so lilliputian they ar easily misplaced (Kloman). It is the serviceman races sma llest food penetrate and is as small as a instill of sand. It overly has preferably similar traits to early(a) scintillas such as quinoa and millet. Tef makes anywhere from 30 to 120 cm in h 8, with fragile stems and long, narrow, smooth leaves.It is a loose or compact panicle. The really small shreds atomic number 18 1. 5 mm long, and there be about 2,700 seeds in a g-force (Seyfu). The nominate characters a Carbon 4 photosynthesis, which uses light efficiently while having kickoff moisture demands. This gives the plant the ability to plump for elevated heat and bright punk therefore able to harvest in any unpredictable or tough modality. Also the plants opposition to diseases, pests, and heavy shites and its inexpensive costs to raise and very quick to produce give it supererogatory appeal (Tadele).Tef tends to thrive under maturement condition from elevations that range from sea- aim to as game as 2800 meters, and in several(a) temperatures, soil, ter rains and pelting conditions ( non where there is too more rainfall though) (Seyfu). Varieties of Tef * Magna ( innocence) tef This type is cock-a-hoop in the cooler seasons and is slow maturing. It is superior for in corpuscle due to its higher(prenominal)(prenominal) demand in the market. only when it is blander in taste comp atomic number 18d to the darker types (Seyfu). * Sergegna (mix of white and browned), kay (red), and tiqur (black) tef This type is superior for fodder and is high-velocity maturing.The darker the color the richer in flavor and nutrients (Seyfu). * Abolse tef An change strain being tested and mintvass currently in Ethiopia. It has shown favourable results in early studies based upon its yield and baking quality. on that point is no record of this bleak strain being distri onlyed as of neglect (Kloman). Due to its properties to survive and promote through with(predicate) harsh climates, Ethiopian farmers grow tef for all two purposes as a fix or as a understudy product. When pose as a staple, they grow it as their primary component in their trade or business.So it is normally planted late and harvested wellhead into the dry season. But as a standby, the farmers wait till their main crop such as maize or chaff shows signs of failing. They then plant a faster maturing tef such as the red or brown tef as a coverup ack straight offledgment of food in case of disaster. What likewise makes tef very attractive is that it is a grain that contains no gluten, at least none of the type found in pale yellow (Ingram). For this reason people with severe allergies to husk gluten or health enthusiasts be corrupting tef these days.Due to the seeds small size it makes it difficult to plant and prep be the fields. It is difficult to get an regular distribution of seeds and withal the wind or rain can bury the seeding onward it has spouted. Then separating, inspecting and grinding such comminuted seeds is very strenuous and succession consuming. accounting Tef is common all over Ethiopia and its major varieties were found only in that variance of the world. Among with numerous separate crops, the precise designation and location for the tameness of tef is unspecified.But, there is no uncertainty that it is actually an ageless crop, where domestication took place. It has been documented by some historians such as Ponti that tef has long been cultivated in Ethiopia for its grain from some time amongst 4000 BC and coke0 BC (Engels) Shaw repugn that tef must halt been domesticated onwards the introduction of stalk and barley to Ethiopia or else the tef, would have never been cultivated. The use of tef was quite a crucial for the Abyssinians, since the issue forth of tef seed involve to plant were hundreds of times smaller than that of wheat (Ingram).This productive potential and tokenish time and seed requirements have encourageed them from famish when their food supply was under flak catcher from numerous invaders in the past. It was reported by Unger in 1866 that tef seeds were too found in the Egyptian Pyramid of Dashur in 3359 BC (National question Council). Dried tef still hunts were suggested to have been use in the making of mud bricks apply in the Pyramid of Dashur as well (Seyfu). The closest wild relative to tef is generally considered to be eragrostis pilosa this species is recorded as an yearly growing weed from Eritrea and Federal areas of Ethiopia (Ingram).Vavilov has recognized Ethiopia as the center of origin and variety of tef (National Research Council). Due to the feature that several widespread and non-widespread species of eragrostis, some of which are considered the wild relatives of tef, are found in Ethiopia. Since the genetic diversity for tef does not experience anywhere else in the world except in Ethiopia, confirms that tef originated and was domesticated in Ethiopia. employment Areas of Ethiopia The regions of Shewa, Gojam, Gonder, Wello and Welega are the major tef-production areas (Seyfu). As can be seen in fig. these regions are punishing in the central highland areas of Ethiopia. These areas place upright from peeinglogging and these some opposite parts of the country misplace from low moisture stress (Seyfu). The water logged soils of these regions seem to be a ludicrous environment for agriculture since there isnt any other grain that can be grown in this environment. Tef is grown in more or less all regions of the country for home spending since it is the preferred grain. topical anesthetic markets are also able to missionary station the highest price compared with other cereals, which is why farmers use it as their cash crop. There is tone ending to be a map here) globular Spread James Bruce (1730-1794) was a pass away writer and a traveller of Scotch decent. He travelled through Abyssinia (present day Ethiopia) in search of the foundation of the Nile River his discoveries were published in his 1768 book Discover the come of The Nile. In his journeys he mentions of a grain called tef that was grounded and apply in their diet as much, if not more than wheat. It is also verbalize that Bruce had taken some grain back with him to a botanic Garden in Florence, Italy.This led to the publication in 1775 of the frontmost botanical description of the plant, which make tef know worldwide. But it would be The Royal Botanic Gardens, (Kew Gardens) located in the United kingdom that wouldve been responsible for the distribution of tef seeds to various other botanic gardens in India and the colonies. In 1887, was the commencement ceremony issue of seeds and it was to India, Australia, and southeast Africa. The trials were set in the elevated portions of these countries and all places where maize and wheat cannot be cultivated. These trials were successful.Which led to the introduction of tef to other parts of the world such as * Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Kenya, Uga nda, Tanzania by Skyes in 1911 * USA, Malawi, Zaire, Sri Lanka, rising Zealand, and genus Argentina by Burt Davy in 1916 The most trenchant trial was in the northern region of sulfur Africa (National Research Council) . It was reported that the crop was very rapid in harvest-time and was maturing in s til now or eight weeks from the time of planting. When it normally matures among 80 160 days. Favorable Growing Conditions cheerfulness The length of sunlight should be between 11- 13 hours.Rainfall The average annual rainfall in tef-growing areas is 1,000 mm, but the range is fromccc to 2,500 mm. Tef is able to resist moderate drought, but there should be three good rain days. Altitude It can be grown fromnear sea level to altitudes over 3,000 m. Most is cultivated between 1,100 and 2,950 m. Temperature While tef has some frost tolerance, it entrust not survive a prolonged freeze. But it can tolerate temperatures as high as 50C (Ogadan regions of Ethiopia) Soil Type Tefs tolerance of soil types seems to be very wide. It performs well even on the black cotton soils that are notoriously hostile to crops and farmers.Patterns of Consumption gentle Consumption Tef is a cereal grain that is usually grounded to flour that is mainly used for injera that is a popular fermented sour pancake, porridge and cook goods. Is often used in northeastward America as a thickening for soups and stews. Alcoholic beverages are also do from tef such as tela and katikala. Due to its high mineral content, it has also been used in mixtures with chickpea soybeans and other grains for baby foods. cattle Feed Tef straw is used as animal open, particularly during the dry season. Farmers feed tef straw preferentially to lactating cattle and working oxen (Tadele).Farmers prefer tef straw to the straw of any other cereal because of its sweetness (which is appealing to the cattle), high wholesome value, high yield, rapid growth, drought resistance and ability to smother we eds. In South Africa various productive types have been selected for convert production. It has since been exploited in the USA. It has increasingly deform abundant, and is growing in twelves of states. It is also predominately cultivated in Australia for these purposes as well. Ornamentals There has been a growing interest in Europe, the United States, and Japan to grow tef for its visually appealing features (Tadele).Since it stands straight, dense and has a clean feature, often has multi-colored leaves and its open flossy panicles, tef can be extremely eye-catching. corroding Control The non-weedy features of tef give it the ability to look as a good flitting ground cover. South Africans are now using tef as a foster crop that quickly covers the ground and fosters the foundation of permanent grasses planted along with it (Seyfu). It is already being used in mixtures to protect opencast mine workings, stream banks, and other erodible sites in South Africa. ConstructionIn Ethiopia, tef strawis the preferred binding material for walls, bricks, and household containers made of clay. Overall Impact Tef has increased in popularity in so many countries that the Ethiopian government has to instill routine bans of export this grain. During the lean season where the production of tef is minimal the exportation of the crop will increases prices for it inner(a) the country. With this scarcity in effect tef growers remote of Ethiopia has increased tremendously. presently there are many tef providers in the USA for human consumption and forge for livestock.Another influence in popularity is the shift in consumers nutritional habits. There has been an increase in vegetarians (tef is high in protein) and the increased awareness of gluten allergies (tef is a good alternative for wheat). Also the nobble in Ethiopian immigrants and the related approach in the popularity of Ethiopian food have increased demand for this staple crop. Its not just Ethiopian migrate s, it is everyone Ethiopian food is becoming more mainstream. There are tef fields in the states of Oregon, Kansas, Idaho, Montana, capital of the United States, manganese, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Virginia.The US Agriculture Department and other institutions are in support of the cultivation of tef. Currently there are government grants offered to farmers in Kansas to cultivate tef on their farms (Kloman). Also the University of South Dakota and Cornell University have pushed for farmers in their states to start the cultivation of crop as well, for scientific investigate (Kloman). Other US institutions have been quite successful in their trials * University of Nevada They leaped at hazard to begin a project to grow tef in 2002. In 2008 they produced 800,000 pounds of tef and in 2009 produced a one thousand thousand pounds (Kloman).The production was so successful that the university was approached by retailers from Ethiopia with a deal to buy as much a s quadruple million pounds. * Idaho The Teff Co. is Americas largest producer of tef it has been in business for 25 years (Kloman). Wayne Carlson, who lived and worked in Ethiopia in the 70s as biologist, started The Teff Co. When he returned to the US he found that the climate and geologic region of Idaho was similar to that of Ethiopias prosperous regions where tef is grown. As the East African population of the US started to grow significantly Carlson realized an investment opportunity.The Boston populace reported in 2004 that he grows about two million pounds of tef grain yearly (Kloman). Dun & Bradstreet Inc. (business information company) estimated its annual sales to be $1. 2 million (Kloman). Carlson reports this is still not enough to border the demand. * To express just how competitive the patience has become. Carlson has recently pleaded guilty in April of 2012 for harassing a rival tef grower, Tesfa Drar, of Teff Farms in Minnesota regarding the production and distribution of their grains (Wax). Carlson was sentenced to a years probation. Nutritional ValueTef grains are nutritionally similar to wheat but are actually more nutritious. The reasons for this may be due to the fact that since the seeds are so small they have a great proportion of fiber (the nutrients are grueling on the outside of the seed) and are almost always produced as whole grain flour. Tef is rich in qualification (353-367 kcal per 100 g) and its fat content averages to about 2. 3 percent (Seyfu). The grain reportedly contains 11% protein, which higher than that in maize or oats. The tef cultivated in the US though have been showing an even higher protein level of 14% on a consistent basis (Seyfu).These specific proteins should be highly digestible because it is high in the main protein fractions that are most digestible. Overall, it has an beautiful balance of amino acids. Teff is higher than wheat in a dozen amino acids, especially the essential lysine, and fairl y higher in such nutrients as potassium, zinc and aluminum. The mineral content is also good, iron and calcium are especially notable. The absence of anemia (iron deficiency) in Ethiopia where tef consumption is present is presumably due to the grains good iron content.The amount of calcium is equivalent to that of half a cup of spinach (Seyfu). Its also an excellent source of vitamin C, which is not unremarkably found in grains. Resistant starches are a newly revealed type of nutritional fiber that is either not digested or partially digested until it reaches the large intestine, where bacteria uses it for energy (Hopman). This is beneficial for blood-sugar management, which would be ideal for those ugly from diabetes. It is also beneficial for weight run into and colon health. About 20-40% of the carbohydrates in tef are resistant starches (Hopman).Bibliography Seyfu, Ketema. Tef, Eragrostis Tef (Zucc. ) Trotter. Rome, Italy IPGRI, 1997. Print. National Research Council. Lost C rops of Africa. Vol. 1. Washington National Academy, 1996. Print. Grains. Kloman, Harry. Mesob crossways America Ethiopian Food in the U. S. A. New York IUniverse, 2010. Print. Bai, Guihua, Mulu Ayele, Hailu Tefera, and Henry T. Nguyen. Genetic miscellanea in Tef Eragrostis Tef (Zucc) Trotter and Its Relatives as Revealed by ergodic Amplified Polymorphic DNAs. Euphytica112. 1 (2000) 15-22. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1 Mar. 2000. Web. 30 Sept. 2012. . Ingram, Amanda L. , and Jeff J. Doyle. The Origin and Evolution of Eragrostis Tef (Poaceae) and Related Polyploids Evidence from Nuclear flexible and Plastid Rps16. American daybook of Botany90. 1 (2003) 116-22. Print. Assefa, Kebebew, Ju-Kyung Yu, Getachew Belay, Hailu Tefera, and Mark E. Sorrells. Breeding Tef Eragrostis Tef (Zucc. ) Trotter Conventional and molecular(a) Approaches. whole caboodle Breeding130. 1 (2010) 1-9. Print. Tadele, Zerihun. New Approaches to Plant Breeding of Orphan Crops in Africa Proceedings of an Inte rnational Conference, 19-21 September, 2007, Bern, Switzerland.Berlin Stampfli, 2009. Print. Alaunyte, Ieva, Valentina Stojceska, Andrew Plunkett, Paul Ainsworth, and Emma Derbyshire. improve the Quality of Nutrient-rich Teff (Eragrostis Tef) Breads by gang of Enzymes in Straight Dough and Sourdough Breadmaking. Journal of Cereal Science55. 1 (2012) 22-30. Print. Engels, Jan, J. G. Hawkes, and Melaku Worede. Plant Genetic Resources of Ethiopia. Cambridge Cambridge UP, 1991. Print. Wax, Emily. As Americans Embrace Ethiopian Cuisine, Its Farmers Grow More Teff. Washington Post. The Washington Post, 31 July 2012. Web. 1 Nov. 2012. .