Evolution of Hybrid Cars

Evolution of crossbred simple machines1. IntroductionThe European g both overnment is toilsome to explore food market and infra social structure issues related to an innovative, narrow-lane commuter elevator cable political machine down the st line of credits development by a major push simple machine manufacturer. In satisfactory numbers, this vehicle offers an opportunity to increase the capacity of the existing transportation infrastructure, surmount the states dependence on petroleum and lower emissions of air pollutants.The commuter car is an innovative vehicle impression that is comparable to a force backcycle in size but offers advantages similar to an machine in comfort, utility and safety. Depending upon the guest requirements a commuter car apprise be designed any a three-wheel or four-wheel. Passenger emenities similar to those uncommitted in standard automobiles, including climate control systems high quality stereo systems, and passenger res civilis et devices, would be available as options in this commuter car. This car offers some(prenominal) advantages that argon inherent in the design.This report presents the product particularisedations which atomic number 18 going to be designed through antithetical softw ars, material plectrum and the market research abridgment.2. Evolution of interbreeding CarsA cross automobile is a means of transportation employing devil designer sources it uses a Re-chargeable sinew storage system found on board and a enkindle trail place source as the vehicles ambition. The hybridisation car pollutes much slight and uses non as much fire.Back in 1899, Ferdinand Porsche have substantial and led the way to the initial becomeing hybrid- galvanisingal vehicle. On the opposite hand, there was no key vehicle manufacturer who invested in the hybrid idea and plenty produced hybrid cars until the late twentieth century. The hybrid engine room was importantly utilised in developing di esel- galvanising car submarines in the course of that interim gunpoint. Yet, the submarines major objective was to conserve oxygen as opposed to spend less(prenominal) send away. Through kayoed the later years, submarines have evolved and have begun using the nuclear agency as an alternative for diesel.During the 1990s, the Toyota Prius plus the Honda Insight were the very first productive hybrid cars available in the market. It was two of the pi one and only(a)ers inside the hybrid auto idea which virtually adjusted the way the homo considers cars. An idealistic inventor, winner Wouk, manufactured a hybrid electric and gas car that siphoned terminate at half the quantity as practically all the other(a) cars becoming built then. He built the hybrid car thirty years before the Toyota Prius got the attention of the U.S. as an competency- uneasy nation. And right off the tangency capabilities of the creation of Wouk, the hybrid cars, be now able to be an incredibly grea t support relating to less gas ingestion and less air pollution. Wouk and Rosen put up a start up business peculiarly to develop their hybrid car thought and made it easy to be on the market and be utilized as a repair automobile that belched less harmful vapors than up-to-date vehicles.The Prius Ever since the Toyota Prius, fuel efficient car was released on the market it has been able to re chief(prenominal) as the premier option of hybrid cars available. It is a fact that old hybrid cars looks much deal an alien automobile and appeal much more than the formulaic car. Yet, because of the most up-to-date technologies installed in newer versions of hybrid cars, it looks extra like a conventional car and is far less expensive than its predecessors. It is a fact that hybrid cars these days look a whole muckle like conventional cars. The Civic Hybrid shadower get 50 miles in mere 1 gallon of gas.During the year 2004, Ford has developed and introduced the initial hybrid SUV th at is the Ford Escape Hybrid. A year later, Toyota besides introduced their line of hybrid SUV called the Highlander Hybrid. Because of the increasing requirement for hybrid cars, other auto manufacturers ar now following the foot mensurations of the other companies who already brought out a version of their hybrid car on the market. As an example, Nissan is now going to develop and introduce a hybrid version of the Nissan Altima. Presently, over 300,000 hybrid cars argon cartroad on American roads wherein 95 percent of them are Japanese made. The hybrid vehicles are really quite distinct technologies that can both reduce financial outlay and our environment.3. works PRINCIPLE OF HYBRID CARSA hybrid is anything that uses two or more sources directly or indirectly to provide propulsion. Two super magnate sources settle up in a hybrid car in different ways. It has a fuel tank, which supplies gasoline to the locomotive engine and set of batteries that supplies force-out to an electric force. The engine and the electric beat back together can turn the transmitting system at identical quantify, and the transmission then turns the road wheels as shown in the purpose1.The different ways in which the world-beater sources establish in car are describe as followsSeries Hybrid Cars.Parallel Hybrid Cars.Series-Parallel Cars.3.1 Series Hybrid CarsThe simplest of hybrid configuration is the Series Hybrid Car. In a series hybrid, the electric ride is the besides resource of providing billet to get wheels turning. The motor receives electric force out from either the outpouring cantonment or from a generator run by a gasoline engine. The Battery pack is recharged by both the engine/generator and regenerative braking. The engine in a series pound train is typically little because it only meets the average driving office demands. The stamp onslaught pack in these Hybrid cars generally more powerful than the one in tally hybrid providing remaining p eak driving power needs. Series hybrids are more expensive than jibe hybrids as the larger battery and motor with the generator add to the apostrophize.While the engine in a conventional vehicle is forced to operate inefficiently to satisfy varying power demands of stop-and-go driving, series hybrids perform at their best in much(prenominal)(prenominal) conditions, as the gasoline engine in a series hybrid is not coupled to the wheels. This means the engine is no longer subject to the widely varying power demands experienced in stop-and-go driving and can instead operate in a narrow power consecrate at near optimum might , which eliminates the need for a complicated multi-speed transmission and clutch. Because series subscribe trains perform best in stop-and-go driving are primarily being considered for buses and other urban work vehicles. The figure down the stairs shows the mold of series hybrid car3.2 Parallel Hybrid CarIn parallel hybrid electric vehicle, the wheels are driven by the power ceded from both the engine and the electric motor. The addition of computer controls and a transmission allow these components to work together. Parallel hybrids use a smaller battery pack and mainly depend on regenerative braking to keep it recharged. However, when power demands are low, parallel hybrids excessively utilize the drive motor as a generator for supplemental recharging, same as that of an alternator in conventional cars.In this setup the wheels are directly connected to the engine, which eliminates the inefficiency of converting mechanized power to electrical energy and back, which pee-pees these hybrids quite efficient on the highway. The same direct connecter between the engine and the wheels that increases highway efficiency compared to a series hybrid does reduce, but not eliminate, the city driving efficiency benefits. The figure on a lower floor shows the process of parallel hybrid cars3.3 Series-Parallel Hybrid CarThis drive train merge s the advantages and complications of the parallel and series drive trains. As a result of unite the two designs, the engine can both drive the wheels directly (as in the parallel drive train) and be effectively disconnected from the wheels so that only the electric motor powers the wheels (as in the series drive train). Therefore, the engine operates at near optimum efficiency more often because of this dual drive train. At lower speeds it operates more as a series vehicle, small-arm at high speeds, where the series drive train is less efficient, the engine takes over and energy loss is minimized. This system is expensive than that of a refined parallel hybrid since it needs a generator, a larger battery pack, and more computing power to control the dual system. However, the series/parallel drive train has the potency to perform kick downstairs than either of the systems alone. The figure below shows the series-parallel hybrid process.4. Project PlanningAs can be seen in figur e 4, the depict conception includes the epochscale of the hurl as a whole, from the beginning to the end. It outlines the various stages of the tolerate highlighting the objectives and deliverables of all(prenominal) part of the project. It too defines the deadlines of each stage so as to assure that the project runs as per the muniment desired. However, it has to be taken into account that all the real world situations cannot be accounted for and hence, a safety period of appropriate measure has to be incorporated into each stage or at the end of the project. This assures that the deadlines lead be met even in the event of unforeseeable circumstances.The project plan in it egotism is not a sufficient tool to manage a project of this magnitude. Hence, various other management tools were used during the course of this project to facilitate in the timely intent and effective management of the time and resources available to the team as a whole as hearty as, as individuals. These management tools include Gantt chart, Quality Function Deployment (QFD), Critical mode analysis (certified public accountant), Program Evaluation and Review (PERT), prink Analysis and so forth4.1 GANTT CHARTGantt chart is a bar chart known later on Henry Gantt who designed his chart in the beginning of 20th century. It shows a very clear and easily explicable manner of the project structure in terms of time and individual tasks and subtasks. The project time schedule was visualized and optimized using Gantt chart.In this case, the CHV project was divided into eleven main tasks 1. market research, 2. technical research, 3. target setting, 4. concept development, 5. concept finalization, 6. notwithstanding concept development, 7. management analysis and 8. Report. These tasks, in certain cases, are subdivided into subtasks, usually charge to a particular multitude member responsible for that part. Name(s) of the member(s) working on an individual task are written near the blue bar, which represents the time duration of the task. The project Gantt Chart is shown in APPENDIX-14.2 Critical Path AnalysisCritical Path Analysis (CPA) is a management tool that analyzes all the tasks inevi knock back for completing the project, delivering item attention to the time indispensable for the completion of each act. It is used to formulate, schedule and manage the various milestones or activities in the project. It was developed in the 1950s to control large defiance projects and have been used routinely from then (mindtools.com).The critical path analysis for the CHV project was useful in-Identifying all major activities requiring time.Time required for each activity was estimated and the overall project plan.Logical sequencing of these activities.For drawing the CPA first step was listing out the major activity. The next step is to sequence the activities into a logical order based on when it moldiness or is most likely to occur i.e. certain activities wil l logically proceed after an activity darn certain activities will be taking place parallel to each other. After sequencing, the time period required to exonerate each activity was determined. Time is represented in most networks as days. The time period for each activity was work out taking into account the suggestions made by group members and considering other factors such as how many state will be working on each task, how many working days and so forth As can be seen in hedge 1, the findings are recorded in table format for easy look. The table as well as records the sequence of the activities as series, moment occurs after another activity, and parallel, meaning occurring along with another activity. The dependence of an activity is also mentioned in the table.Table1From the table 1 below, a chart is gaunt in Figure 5 which represents the activities in circles and the time taken to complete an activity is stated on the arrow joining two activities.From the above CPA th is project requires 62 minimum numbers of days for the completion of the project.4.3 SWOT ANALYSISSWOT analysis is a planning order that analysis the violences, weakness, opportunities and threats for a project. SWOT is a model that helps in sound judgement of a firm of what it can and cannot do along with the potential opportunities and threats. In SWOT analysis the information is separated into internal and external issues and each issue is addressed. SWOT analysis is useful in helping the group in meeting its objectives and also the obstacles to overcome to meet the desired result. The SWOT analysis carried out by the group is shown below, in APPENDIX-2..The analysis was done, the strength and weakness of the group were put down along with its opportunities available for CHV was discussed and the barriers which could elicit serious for the CHV project were taken into consideration . The ways to minimize the threats were also discussed with the help of group..4.4 3PsSimilar as other analysis techniques such as QFD or DFMEA, 3Ps is a management aiding method designed to help designers make better plans. The major function of 3Ps is to find disadvantages faced during a specific time for the period of the project, then to workout them. So 3P is the combination of approach against Plan, Problems with the Progress and Plan to solve Problems.All team members knew the weakness of this project by making 3Ps and the main problems in it have to be solved. It is very useful method because it shows the menses conditions of the project especially the direction designers should pay more concentration. The disadvantage of the project is known at the beginning and makes people think about it.5. Market researchThe first step of the project, as per the Gantt chart and the project planning was market research. This includes researching on the current vehicles that are available in the market and are due to be available within the next 3-6 months. Also to be considered is the market evaluation i.e. what types of vehicles are the customers most inclined to buy and what is the most desirable from CVs.As the project specification includes that the vehicle is to be a family hatchback powered by an electric battery and IC engine, the Chevrolet Volt or the Honda Insight cars were taken as bench marking. The market research results are shown in Table 5.5.1 Comparison of vehicles using different sources as energyl. Petrol car A journey of 68 miles each day consumes 2.5 gallons of fuel and takes 2 hours.Amount of energy in fuel = 5.14 x 108 joulesThermal power = 71.3 kWMechanical power = 20 kW average dexterity = 28%2. Battery electric car as secondary transport. former station efficiency 40%Electric car efficiency 80%OVERALL 32%CONCLUSION Pollution is moved from car to power station. There is only an environmental return if the cars act is sacrificed or the power station is non-thermal and range/performance is limited.3. Fuel-cell electric car as special transport.Hydrocarbon to hydrogen conversion 75%Fuel-cell hydrogen to electricity 58%electrical energy to mechanical power 87%OVERALL 38% (potential for 41% in 10 years)CONCLUSION Pollution reduced by 88% fuel outlay is 60% of petrol vehicle andPerformance /range are as petrol vehicle.4. Hybrid car as primary transport.Hydrocarbon to electricityVia lean burn petrol engine 45%Electricity to mechanical power 90%OVERALL 40.5%CONCLUSION Pollution reduced by 70% and fuel pulmonary tuberculosis is 70% of petrol vehicle with performance/range as the petrol vehicle.So from the above par Hybrid car is the best transport CV which reduces the pollution and fuel consumption with good performance.6. Technical ResearchThe next step is the technical research. It includes researching the technologies before long available in the market for the major components of the CHV. The major components of the CHV were divided into several components as belowBatteries. force backs and Controllers.Aerodyna mic.Regenerative braking.IC Engine.Transmission andSafety and homologation.6.1 BATTERIESThe battery megabucks is an essential element of an electric vehicle. Its electrical properties determines the vehicle driving range, while its physical properties must be consider during suspension design, vehicle architecture, etc. agree to Larminie and Lowry (2003), batteries are the component with highest cost, weight and volume.Generally, a battery consists of two or more electric cells, which are joined together and generate DC electricity. There are several parameters describing the properties of a battery such as internal resistance, charge capacity, energy stored Wh or specific energy Wh.kg-1. Service temperature is a very important factor influencing the battery performance.several(prenominal) different types of batteries were identified during research (Larminie and Lowry 2003)Lead- dosage batteriesThis is widely used with main constituents lead, sulfuric acid, plastic container wh ich are available at low cost. However, lead acid batteries have a very low specific energy. Therefore, a battery with sufficient capacity using this technology would be very heavy. As a result, lead acid batteries are used in low-cost and low-range electric vehicles.Nickel- atomic number 48 batteriesThese batteries have a specific energy nearly twice that of lead-acid batteries. They possess a low self-discharge capability and are able to work in wide range of temperature (-40C to 80C). The presence cadmium is considered as a major drawback. Nickel-cadmium (NiCd) batteries were used in electric cars.Nickel-metal hydride batteriesAs of the abbreviation NiMH, these are used in hybrid vehicles. The main article of belief is as like that of nickel-cadmium batteries, but the negative electrode uses hydrogen absorbed in metal hydride instead of cadmium. In addition NiMH batteries have higher specific energy. But, their self-discharge rate is relatively high which is ten times to that o f NiCd. Since the reaction running in the battery is exothermic, a NiMH battery package must be cooled.Sodium-based batteriesIn spite of high specific energy, sodium-based batteries have serious disadvantages that stave off it from commercial use of hybrid vehicle. Its operating temperature lies in the range of 300-350C. one time the battery is cooled down, it must be slowly re affectionatenessed before operation and this process can take up to 24 hours. Besides, keeping the battery at its required temperature requires approximately 100 W of power.Lithium batteriesLithium-ion batteries (Li-ion) are the a la mode(p) stage in battery development providing the best performance for electric vehicles. They have a high specific energy and consequently a very low overall weight. This type of battery is used by the most recent electric vehicle available in the market (e.g. Nissan Leaf, Peugeot iOn, Tesla Roadster). The crucial disadvantage of Li-ion batteries is their high cost.Table 6 Ba ttery comparison tableAssumed input dataICE vehicle consumption 4 l/100 km of diesel fuel (Volkswagen 2010) diesel engine fuel specific energy 40 kWh/kgDiesel fuel density 0.832 kg/lICE vehicle fuel wheels efficiency 10%EV vehicle fuel wheels efficiency 70%According to the input data, the required capacity of the battery pack is from 46 kWh to 61 kWh. According to specific energy of individual battery type the battery weight can be estimated (Table 7).For the desired range, lead acid batteries are far too heavy to be applied in a family hatchback. However, they can be considered as a cheap alternative for a low-range electric vehicle.Table 7Battery Comparison concord to rangeAccording to the table above, lithium-ion batteries are the most suitable option. If the latest technology is used (Nissan Leafs laminated Li-Ion batteries), specific energy can reach 140 kW/h (Weissler 2010), and thus the battery weight can be further reduced. In addition to this, the latest development show s a good potential in increasing Li-ion battery performance by means of nanotechnology. Furthermore, according to various prediction e.g. by The Boston Consulting Group (2010), the battery cost are about to decrease with the increase of production volume and it can be more than 50 % in the year 2020.6.2 MOTORS AND CONTROLLERSMotors is considered to be one of the main part of the electric vehicle .In a pure electric vehicle the motor provides the required torque directly to the wheels. However, the motor rotates at constant speed, so to vary the speed of the vehicle a sens needs to be abandoned. The speed control of the vehicle is made practicable by DC or AC (inverters) commands. The accelerator pedal is attached to a potentiometer (variable resistor) which is further attached to the DC or AC controllers. The force on the accelerator pedal is directly proportional to the current delivered to the controller. Depending on the current supplied, the controller delivers power to the motor. The working of DC controller varies with an AC controller. For selecting a motor the main features that are important for an electric vehicle are good efficiency, high torque, low maintenance, moderate cost and easy to control. Figure 4 shows the basic layout of the motor and controller in an electric vehicle.The three motors considered for the concept were-AC Synchronous Motor.DC Brushless MotorAC Induction MotorAC 3 synchronous motor is the latest type of motor used in electric vehicle. The main characteristic of AC 3 synchronous motor is that the motor runs at synchronous speed i.e. the field winding locks with the rotating magnetic fields and rotates along with it. The AC 3 synchronous motors has many advantages .Usually the AC induction motor works at lagging power factor but the AC 3 synchronous motor works at leading power factor which means improved efficiency and reduction in potency drop .Accurate speed control is possible which makes synchronous motors an ideal p lectrum .Synchronous motors have speed/torque characteristics which are ideally suited for direct drive of loads. A smooth the torque curve results in better performance of the vehicle. It has good heat dissipation and overloading capacity .The absence of magnets also reduce the cost of maintenance. Regeneration of energy is easily possible in an AC 3 synchronous motor by reversing the current. AC 3 synchronous motors has certain disadvantages such as it is not a self starting motor i.e. a separate motor (pony motor) is required to drive it till it reaches synchronization. Since it is relatively a new technology the price of the motor is comparatively higher.DC Brushless Motor or BLDC is the most common motor used in hybrid vehicles. A BLDC motor is similar to AC 3 synchronous motor. It has got good torque characteristics and also absence of slip. The heat dissipation and overloading characteristics is commendable for a BLDC motor. But BLDC motor is considered to be less efficient t han the other three motors because of many factors. It has m